Exam 3 Study Guide Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?
Descriptive statistics describe the results. Summarize and organize the type of data obtained from the sample. The mean is the most common used
What is the purpose of inferential statistics?
Allows us to generalize to the general population. Infer, extrapolate how it applies to the general population
Which two groups of measures fall within descriptive statistics?
Measures of Central tendency: the mean, median and mode
What is manipulation check?
Any specific test of whether the independent variable manipulation actually worked the way it was intended. Exp: A study testing the hypothesis that females, but not males, tend to turn anger inward rather than express it externally. Slide 11
What are the advantages of Solomon’s four-group design?
Combines both randomized groups and allows the assessment of interaction between the pretest and the treatment.
What is the most salient confound found in within-subjects design?
All participants are exposed to all experimental conditions. Never have to worry about controlling groups, never worry about pretest. Less participants and less time to explain instructions. In order for the same person to go through the same IV should be reversable condition (guilt). Anything that has to do with therapy is not reversable.
How can we control for this confound?
Sequence effect: The experience with one condition affecting performance in subsequent conditions. Lady struggling with separating carts and didn’t help. Counterbalancing to minimize sequence effect.
Naturalistic Reasearch - Field Research
Low constraints
Observation of participants
Ex: public spanking in Davis’s study
Questions involving the natural flow of behavior
Which field within psychology utilizes single-subject designs exclusively?
Behavior Psychology
What are the advantages and disadvantages of single-subject designs?
Zero external validity
Within-subjects design
Same participants in each group
Matched-group design
uses matched random assignment
Within-subject designs
need to control sequence effects, controlled by counterbalancing or change order of condition
Within-subject strengths
More sensitive to small group differences; variability due to individual differences is statistically eliminated.
fewer participants are needed because each participant appears in each condition.
Instructions may take less time.
Within-subject weakness
participants may figure out hypothesis
Sequence effects - practice and carry-over effects
controlled by varying the order of presentation. Counterbalancing, random order of presentation, Latin square design.
What are statistics
Statistical procedures and the answers obtained from those procedures
What do researchers do with statistics
procedures used to organize summarize, communicate
Data and then to conclude what the data indicated
