Exam 3 Study Set Flashcards

Question

two additional adaptations to Class Aves

Answer 1

Streamlining: nervous system, large eyes, brain inputs Balance: no long tail needed, pelvic and pectoral girdles support weight, abdominal organs redistributed

Answer 2

can reach speeds up to 200 mph

Answer 3

when an animal has enough thrust and lift to move its body through the air and maintain it in the air using huge amounts of energy and oxygen

Answer 4

great bustard- 40 lbs

Answer 5

pterosaurs (meaning winged lizard). Closely related to dinosaurs but not a true dinosaur

Answer 6

Their size works against them in a crisis. They are the first to go when there is a lack of food in comparison to smaller flighted animals who need less sustenance.

Answer 7

Birds and pterosaurs both evolved similar body plans in a response to the need to fly more efficiently.

Answer 8

among non-avian dinosaurs, possibly evolved for something other than flight (insulation, brooding)

Answer 9

Archaeopteryx retains teeth, long bony tail, clawed fingers, no large pectoral muscles. Was the first to retain features of both bird and reptile. (ganzes was earlier, more bird-like counterpart)

Answer 10

environmental pressures like escaping predators forced birds to begin ascending trees, and as the degree increased, wings became more necessary- produced bigger wings, more muscles, better efficiency

Answer 11

wings assist ascending an incline of more than 60 degrees

Answer 12

curved on top, relatively flat on bottom helps decrease drag and defy gravity. Faster air flows over the top causing it to be pulled up, creating lift. Increased pressure pushes against bottom. Flapping their wings generate enough force to propel themselves through the air. Aeordynamic forces produced on the downstroke. 95% of the power needed for this comes from pectoral muscle.

Answer 13

keeping the head in the same position allows the bird to be spatially aware, and distinguish direction

Answer 14

Human lungs- expand when breathing in and out Bird lungs- fixated in size, never change. Air is juggled between air sacs which do expand and move

Answer 15

includes parrots and their allies short, deep, hooked bill with a cere eat mainly fruit, grains, nuts usually bright plumage zygodactylous toes tropical parts of the world, southern hemisphere 3 families, 375 species

Answer 16

a fleshy, membranous covering of the base of the upper mandible of a bird, especially a bird of prey or a parrot, through which the nostrils open.

Answer 17

Kia. Strigopidae

Answer 18

circle of feathers around eye collect sound waves and focus them towards the ears very intelligent, nocturnal front facing eyes flightless, use wings to balance when climbing through tree canopy New Zealand not inhabited, only 3 tiny offshore islands, more males than females may live 60-100 years "chinging"- wheezing mating call

Answer 19

the palm cockatoo crest, short tail, super family Cacatuidae black with red face 27 different syllables- varied repetoire sacred animal to locals Australia. Declining population One mated pair will only successfully fledge one chick every ten years

Answer 20

parrots- short, squat bodies, short tails and flight feathers macaws- larger, more streamlined bodies, long tail and flight feathers lorikeets- unique diet of pollen and nectar, small size parakeets- smaller species, long tails and streamlined bodies, feed on grasses, some considered agricultural pests and outlawed in some states

Answer 21

they are most vulnerable to predators on the ground and staying in one flock keeps them safer than they would be individually

Answer 22

hair- insulate, protect, defend, camouflage, communicate, tactile sensation (guard and underfur hair types) molt 1-2x a yr mammary glands- milk (consists of water, butterfat, lactose, albumin, salts). 1-13 pairs of nipples skin glands- sweat, sebaceous, scent glands enucleated red blood cells- allows entire cell volume to contain hemoglobin (increases efficiency of oxygen transport) (some) heterodonty- deciduous and permanent teeth 3 ear bones, single lower jaw bone, muscular diaphragm, endothermic, 4-chambered heart, internal fertilization, embryonic membranes

Answer 23

insulate- polar bear coats defend- porcupine protect- lion manes camouflage- snow leopard communication- wolves' face expressions tactile sensation- mice whiskers

Answer 24

from left to right, upper and lower jaws on one side 3 1 4 2 = 21 3 1 4 3 Incisors - cutting, grasping, gnawing Canines - prey capture, flesh ripping, Premolars - variable shaping depending on food Molars - variable shape depending on food Carnassial teeth - specialized premolars & molars (last upper premolar and first lower molar) in carnivores, designed for slicing in a scissor-like fashion

Answer 25

stapes, malleus, incus

Answer 26

large brain large skull

Answer 27

Cursorial - runners (cheetah) Saltorial - jumpers (kangaroo) Fossorial - burrowers (badger) Arboreal - climbers (primates) Volant - gliders (sugar gliders) Aerial - flyers (parrots) Aquatic - swimmers (dolphins)

Answer 28

Plantigrade- tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges on the ground (bears, raccoons) Digitgrade- only phalanges on the ground (cats and dogs) Unguligrade- just tips of phalanges on the ground (horses, deer)

Answer 29

shorter gut than herbivores, may eat plant material cursorial ability varies. Most cursorial species show little digit reduction and always have at least 4 toes skeleton- generalized. Large, conical canines, cheek teeth are reduced in short-faced families. (30 vs 42) Carnassial teeth (PM4 and M1) Night vision in most- tapetum lucidum, many rods Hearing- hear higher frequencies, do not hear lower frequencies that humans do. Olfactory ability- highly developed, sense of taste more developed in omnivorous species Tactile sense- sensitive muzzle and forepaws

Answer 30

polar bears and arctic foxes both developed white coats in result to living in a predominately white environment OR red pandas and giant pandas are order carnivora, but have independently evolved as obligate bamboo-feeders, in part due to its abundance and the lack of competition for it as a resource. Both also adapted pseudo-thumb in order to better grasp bamboo

Answer 31

having limbs adapted for running

Answer 32

digitigrades- dogs and cats

Answer 33

canines- longer rostrum, more teeth for crushing and grinding felines- short, strong jaws, specialized canines, reduced number of cheek teeth, well-developed carnassials, large eye sockets

Answer 34

Carnivora- Scapholunar bone Other- Scaphoid bone and lunar bone

Answer 35

they are able to channel sounds in to the inner ear and pick up the sound of prey underneath the sands, helping them to catch and eat prey where it is scarce.

Answer 36

Canoidea Feloidea Pinnipedia

Answer 37

dogs, foxes, wolves, jackals well-developed cursorial ability More social species tend to eat less plant matter Uniform coloration except for face and tail tip markings violet and anal glands present Five toes on forefoot, 4 toes on hindfoot Worldwide except Antarctica 3 types of social organization that relate to hunting evolutionary trend- cooperative hunting

Answer 38

solitary- small canids that hunt small prey, will scavenge, may cache uneaten food, solitary except when mating/raising young, pair bond persists until young are raised and driven off by parents before the first winter. (arctic fox, maned wolf)

Answer 39

Hunt small prey alone, hunt larger prey in pairs or family groups, also eats carrion, fruit, and veg. Cooperative hunting techniques (ambush, cut off prey, tricking prey, taking turns). Prey are small and scarce- hunt alone. Prey are large and scarce- hunt together. Breeding pair usually permanent, young stay with parents through first winter. (coyote, golden jackal).

Answer 40

Hunt cooperatively in packs, can kill prey much larger than themselves. Pack size depends on prey abundance. Scarce prey- pack breaks down and individuals hunt smaller prey. Cooperative hunting techniques (chasing a herd, take turns leading, ambush, distract prey, group attack, labor division). Hunters regurgitate food for non-hunters, pack is usually extended family group, dominance structure. ( wolf, african hunting dog).

Answer 41

highly predatory cats desert to dense forest habitats, worldwide except poles and Australia nocturnal, digitigrade, stereoscopic vision rough tongue to rasp meat off bones sharp, curved, retractable claws flake off in layers forelimbs can rotate to grasp prey, climb trees evolutionary trend- large size for large prey prey is stalked or ambushed- kill bite right behind head, canines cut through vertebrae and sever spinal cord solitary. Social during breeding/raising young nonseasonal breeders

Answer 42

seals, sea lions, walrus. Almost completely aquatic fusiform body, flippers, short limbs, digits enclosed in fleshy membrane teeth tend to homodonty feed on fish, squid, mollusks, crustaceans can remain in water almost indefinitely most can dive for at least 20 min skull less highly modified than in the cetaceans. More dog-like: larger cranium, shorter snout, larger orbits Individuals come together to breed, then separate Polygnous- Uni-male, multi-female harem system

Answer 43

Different populations became separated from each other as sea levels rose and they began to evolve independently. Gomphotaria was the first tusked walrus to appear. Developed as a form of male competition to spar with when fighting for females to breed with. Also sexual selection- tusks used as display (indicator of status, size, health)

Exam 3 Study Set Flashcards

(70 cards)