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Theriogenology > Exam 3 - Teratogens, Obstetrics, Mammary Glands > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Teratogens, Obstetrics, Mammary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what is a critical period

A

single agent can induce dramatically different diseases at different stages of gestation

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2
Q

in what stage of development do majority of defects occur

A

organogenesis

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3
Q

bluetongue virus teratogenic effect

A

hydranencephaly

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4
Q

akabane virus or schmallenberg virus teratogenic effects

A

arthrogryposis
hydranencephaly

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5
Q

what are the two lesions of border disease virus

A

demyelination = tremors
poor wool quality

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6
Q

what are the biotypes of BVDV

A

non-cytopathogenic if infected 60-120 days
cytopathogenic - infection throughout pregnancy

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7
Q

what biotype of BVDV is responsible for persistently infected calves

A

non-cytopathogenic

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8
Q

which biotype of BVDV is the virus detectable at birth NOT antibodies

A

non-cytopathogenic (virus positive)

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9
Q

which biotype of BVDV is Ab positive but virus negative at birth

A

cytopathogenic (Ab positive)

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10
Q

what hormone is declining with parturition?

A

progesterone

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11
Q

length of stage I of parturition in the dog

A

6-12 hours
up to 36 hours

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12
Q

length of stage I of parturition in the cat

A

1-24 hours

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13
Q

length of stage II of parturition in the dog

A

6 hours
can be 24 hours

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14
Q

length of stage II of parturition in the cats

A

first kitten delivered within 60 min
delivered every 30-60min

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15
Q

length of stage III of parturition in the dog/cat

A

fetal membranes should be passed with fetus or within 15 min

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16
Q

most common cause of dystocia in the canine/feline

A

Primary uterine inertia

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17
Q

what are the options for medical management? what are the chances for complete success in dogs with medical management of dystocia?

A

medical management = calcium or oxytocin

28% success rate

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18
Q

Do patients need oxytocin if they are already experiencing uterine contractions?

A

NO

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19
Q

what criteria make dystocia mild/moderate v. severe?

A

mild - 4 or less pups remaining

severe - 4 or more pups remaining

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20
Q

normal presentation of the fetus

A

anterior

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21
Q

normal position of the fetus

A

dorsal-sacral position

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22
Q

normal posture of the fetus

A

head and forelimbs extended

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23
Q

cause of primary uterine inertia in cattle

A

hypocalcemia “milk fever”

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24
Q

what is the difference between an assisted and controlled vaginal delivery

A

assisted - dam awake, standing or recumbent, sedated or epidural if needed

controlled - anesthesia, no contractions

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25
Q

push fetus cranially out of the maternal pelvic canal into abdominal cavity where more space is available for manipulation is termed what?

A

repulsion

26
Q

turning of fetus on long axis is termed what

A

rotation

27
Q

rotate fetus perpendicular to its long axis to correct transverse presentation is termed what

A

version

28
Q

what is the most common issue/complication with obstetrics intervention

A

retained placenta

29
Q

posterior presentation risks

A

tail head interference
risk of hypoxia due to umbilical cord pinched

30
Q

transverse presentation risk

A

no ferguson reflex

31
Q

main exit vein in the cow?

A

SQ abdominal v (milk v)

32
Q

main blood supply to the cow udder?

A

external pudendal a. & v.

33
Q

what vessels anastomose to form the milk v with age

A

cranial and caudal epigastric veins

34
Q

milk producing cells in the udder

A

alveolus

35
Q

what cells surround the alveoli and are stimulated by oxytocin

A

myoepithelial cells

36
Q

all mammary tissue is derived from what?

A

ectoderm

fat pad & median suspensory ligament from mesoderm

37
Q

what are the main stages of mammary development

A

band stage
lines
bud stage

38
Q

components of bovine and equine colostrum

A

all IgG, most IgM, half of IgA

39
Q

basic components of bovine milk

A

water (88%)
lactose
fat
protein
minerals

40
Q

components of canine colostrum

A

IgA

41
Q

what differentiates into teat and gland cisterns during fetal development and growth

A

primary sprouts
(galactophores)

42
Q

lactogenesis inhibitory and stimulatory hormones

A

progesterone - inhibitory

estrogen, prolactin, placental lactogen - stimulatory

43
Q

hormone that stimulated milk letdown? inhibits milkdown?

A

oxytocin

epinephrine

44
Q

how does involution occur

A

increased hydrostatic pressure
ductal cells resorb
lysosomal enzymes break down & digest epithelial cells decrease
secretion absorbed by lymphatic and venous drainage

45
Q

stages of involution

A

active
steady state
redevelopment
colostrogenesis

46
Q

recommended goal of involution

A

45 days

47
Q

causes of galactorrhea in young non-pregnant animas

A

estrogen (zeralenone)
cystic ovaries
suckling by herdmates/self
genetics

48
Q

inappropriate milk production by pregnant female prior to parturition?

A

galactorrhea

49
Q

causes of agalactia in sow? in horse?

A

sow mastitis/metritis/agalactia syndrome

ergotism in mares

50
Q

MOA of ergotism in mares and treatment

A

Neotyphodium coenophialum = dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin

Domperidone (dopamine antagonist)

51
Q

milk letdown failure in cattle due to?

A

stress - epinephrine

exogenous oxytocin

52
Q

number one differential for udder asymmetry

A

mastitis

53
Q

how to prevent contagious mastitis

A

post-milk teat dipping

54
Q

how to prevent environmental mastitis

A

integrity of teat end
pre-milk teat dip
clean housing
hygienic milk practice

55
Q

congenital deformaties of the udder

A

Imperforate plate at gland cistern
Absence of teat cistern
Absence of streak canal

56
Q

mammary gland development (puberty) requires what hormones

A

estrogen
progesterone

57
Q

mammary gland development (pregnancy & lactation) requires what hormones

A

progesterone
placental lactogen
estrogen

58
Q

mammary development ceases in most animals after first lactation EXCEPT

A

cattle and goats (increases up to 4 lactations)

59
Q

peak milk day

A

day 90

60
Q

recommended goal for period of involution

A

45 days (60 days max)
“drying off”

Theriogenology (13 decks)

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