Exam 3 - Teratogens, Obstetrics, Mammary Glands

Question 1

what is a critical period

Answer 1

single agent can induce dramatically different diseases at different stages of gestation

Question 2

in what stage of development do majority of defects occur

Answer 2

organogenesis

Question 3

bluetongue virus teratogenic effect

Answer 3

hydranencephaly

Question 4

akabane virus or schmallenberg virus teratogenic effects

Answer 4

arthrogryposis
hydranencephaly

Question 5

what are the two lesions of border disease virus

Answer 5

demyelination = tremors
poor wool quality

Question 6

what are the biotypes of BVDV

Answer 6

non-cytopathogenic if infected 60-120 days
cytopathogenic - infection throughout pregnancy

Question 7

what biotype of BVDV is responsible for persistently infected calves

Answer 7

non-cytopathogenic

Question 8

which biotype of BVDV is the virus detectable at birth NOT antibodies

Answer 8

non-cytopathogenic (virus positive)

Question 9

which biotype of BVDV is Ab positive but virus negative at birth

Answer 9

cytopathogenic (Ab positive)

Question 10

what hormone is declining with parturition?

Answer 10

progesterone

Question 11

length of stage I of parturition in the dog

Answer 11

6-12 hours
up to 36 hours

Question 12

length of stage I of parturition in the cat

Answer 12

1-24 hours

Question 13

length of stage II of parturition in the dog

Answer 13

6 hours
can be 24 hours

Question 14

length of stage II of parturition in the cats

Answer 14

first kitten delivered within 60 min
delivered every 30-60min

Question 15

length of stage III of parturition in the dog/cat

Answer 15

fetal membranes should be passed with fetus or within 15 min

Question 16

most common cause of dystocia in the canine/feline

Answer 16

Primary uterine inertia

Question 17

what are the options for medical management? what are the chances for complete success in dogs with medical management of dystocia?

Answer 17

medical management = calcium or oxytocin

28% success rate

Question 18

Do patients need oxytocin if they are already experiencing uterine contractions?

Answer 18

NO

Question 19

what criteria make dystocia mild/moderate v. severe?

Answer 19

mild - 4 or less pups remaining

severe - 4 or more pups remaining

Question 20

normal presentation of the fetus

Answer 20

anterior

Question 21

normal position of the fetus

Answer 21

dorsal-sacral position

Question 22

normal posture of the fetus

Answer 22

head and forelimbs extended

Question 23

cause of primary uterine inertia in cattle

Answer 23

hypocalcemia “milk fever”

Question 24

what is the difference between an assisted and controlled vaginal delivery

Answer 24

assisted - dam awake, standing or recumbent, sedated or epidural if needed

controlled - anesthesia, no contractions

Question 25

push fetus cranially out of the maternal pelvic canal into abdominal cavity where more space is available for manipulation is termed what?

Answer 25

repulsion

Question 26

turning of fetus on long axis is termed what

Answer 26

rotation

Question 27

rotate fetus perpendicular to its long axis to correct transverse presentation is termed what

Answer 27

version

Question 28

what is the most common issue/complication with obstetrics intervention

Answer 28

retained placenta

Question 29

posterior presentation risks

Answer 29

tail head interference risk of hypoxia due to umbilical cord pinched

Question 30

transverse presentation risk

Answer 30

no ferguson reflex

Question 31

main exit vein in the cow?

Answer 31

SQ abdominal v (milk v)

Question 32

main blood supply to the cow udder?

Answer 32

external pudendal a. & v.

Question 33

what vessels anastomose to form the milk v with age

Answer 33

cranial and caudal epigastric veins

Question 34

milk producing cells in the udder

Answer 34

alveolus

Question 35

what cells surround the alveoli and are stimulated by oxytocin

Answer 35

myoepithelial cells

Question 36

all mammary tissue is derived from what?

Answer 36

ectoderm fat pad & median suspensory ligament from mesoderm

Question 37

what are the main stages of mammary development

Answer 37

band stage lines bud stage

Question 38

components of bovine and equine colostrum

Answer 38

all IgG, most IgM, half of IgA

Question 39

basic components of bovine milk

Answer 39

water (88%) lactose fat protein minerals

Question 40

components of canine colostrum

Answer 40

IgA

Question 41

what differentiates into teat and gland cisterns during fetal development and growth

Answer 41

primary sprouts (galactophores)

Question 42

lactogenesis inhibitory and stimulatory hormones

Answer 42

progesterone - inhibitory estrogen, prolactin, placental lactogen - stimulatory

Question 43

hormone that stimulated milk letdown? inhibits milkdown?

Answer 43

oxytocin epinephrine

Question 44

how does involution occur

Answer 44

increased hydrostatic pressure ductal cells resorb lysosomal enzymes break down & digest epithelial cells decrease secretion absorbed by lymphatic and venous drainage

Question 45

stages of involution

Answer 45

active steady state redevelopment colostrogenesis

Question 46

recommended goal of involution

Answer 46

45 days

Question 47

causes of galactorrhea in young non-pregnant animas

Answer 47

estrogen (zeralenone) cystic ovaries suckling by herdmates/self genetics

Question 48

inappropriate milk production by pregnant female prior to parturition?

Answer 48

galactorrhea

Question 49

causes of agalactia in sow? in horse?

Answer 49

sow mastitis/metritis/agalactia syndrome ergotism in mares

Question 50

MOA of ergotism in mares and treatment

Answer 50

Neotyphodium coenophialum = dopamine agonist, inhibits prolactin Domperidone (dopamine antagonist)

Question 51

milk letdown failure in cattle due to?

Answer 51

stress - epinephrine exogenous oxytocin

Question 52

number one differential for udder asymmetry

Answer 52

mastitis

Question 53

how to prevent contagious mastitis

Answer 53

post-milk teat dipping

Question 54

how to prevent environmental mastitis

Answer 54

integrity of teat end pre-milk teat dip clean housing hygienic milk practice

Question 55

congenital deformaties of the udder

Answer 55

Imperforate plate at gland cistern Absence of teat cistern Absence of streak canal

Question 56

mammary gland development (puberty) requires what hormones

Answer 56

estrogen progesterone

Question 57

mammary gland development (pregnancy & lactation) requires what hormones

Answer 57

progesterone placental lactogen estrogen

Question 58

mammary development ceases in most animals after first lactation EXCEPT

Answer 58

cattle and goats (increases up to 4 lactations)

Question 59

peak milk day

Answer 59

day 90

Question 60

recommended goal for period of involution

Answer 60

45 days (60 days max) "drying off"