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Bio 100 > Exam 3 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 Terms Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

adaptations

A

accumulated diverse modifications

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2
Q

evolution

A

the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species

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3
Q

strata

A

layers of rock

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4
Q

paleontologists

A

scientists who study fossils

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5
Q

fossil record

A

the chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata

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6
Q

homology

A

similarity resulting from common ancestry

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7
Q

homologous structures

A

features that often have different function but are structurally similar because of common ancestry

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8
Q

molecular biology

A

the study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression

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9
Q

vestigial structures

A

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors

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10
Q

evolutionary tree

A

a way representing patterns of descent

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11
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrences of desirable traits in the offspring

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12
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

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13
Q

microevolution

A

a change in a gene pool

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14
Q

gene pool

A

consists of all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

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15
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle

A

the frequency of each allele in the gene pool will remain constant unless other factors are operating

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16
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next

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17
Q

bottleneck effect

A

catastrophes that kills a large number of individuals leaving a small surviving population that is unlikely to have the same genetic makeup as the original population

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18
Q

founder effect

A

when a few individuals colonize an island or other new habitat

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19
Q

gene flow

A

a population may gan or lose allele when fertile individuals move into or out of a population or when gametes are transferred between populations

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20
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors intermediate phenotypes

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21
Q

directional selection

A

shifts the overall makeup of the population by acting against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes

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22
Q

disruptive selection

A

typically occurs when environmental conditions vary in a way that favors individuals at both ends

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23
Q

sexual selection

A

a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates

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24
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

distinction in appearance

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25
balancing selection
occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population
26
heterozygote advantage
a type of balancing section in which heterozygous individuals have greater reproductive success than either type of homozygote
27
frequency-dependent selection
a type of balancing selection that maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population
28
biological species concept
a species as a group of populations whose member have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
29
reproductive isolation
prevents genetic exchange and maintains boundary between species
30
hybrids
distinct species that do occasionally interbreed create these
31
morphological species concept
used to identify most of the 1.8 million species that have been named to date
32
ecological species concept
identifies species in terms of their ecological niches
33
phylogenetic species concept
defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor
34
allopatric speciation
initial block to gene flow may come from a geographic barrier that isolates a population
35
sympatric speciation
a new species arise within the same geographic area as its parent species
36
polyploid
species that contain cells that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes
37
adaptive radiation
the evolution of many diverse species from a common ancestor
38
hybrid zones
regions in which members of different species meet and mate
39
reinforcement
when hybrid offspring are less fit than members of both parent species we might expect natural selection to strengthen or reinforce reproductive barriers
40
fusion
so much gene flow cause the speciation process to reverse, causing the tow hybridizing species to fuse into one
41
stability
when each specie maintains its own integrity // when species only occasionally interbreed
42
punctuated equilibria
long periods of little apparent morphological change
43
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
44
convergent evolution
species from different evolutionary branches come to resemble one another
45
analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
46
systematics
a discipline of biology that focuses on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
47
taxonomy
a system of naming and classifying species
48
the Linnaean system
species --> genus --> family --> orders --> classes --> phyla --> kingdoms --> domains
49
taxon
a unit at any level in the Linnaean system
50
phylogenetic trees
depict hypotheses about the evolutionary history of species
51
clades
a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
52
monophyletic
an inclusive group of ancestor and descendants
53
shared ancestral character
trait that originated in an ancestor
54
shared derived character
trait shared by a group but not found in their ancestors
55
molecular systematics
uses DNA or other molecules to infer relatedness
56
molecular clock
a method that estimates the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change
57
three-domain system
two domains of prokaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea, and one domain of eukaryotes
58
horizontal gene transfer
a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another throw mechanisms such as viral infection and plasmid exchange
59
paleoanthropology
the study of human origins and evolution
60
hominins
species that are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees
61
biotic factors
living component of the environment
62
abiotic factors
environment's nonliving component
63
levels of ecology
organism, population, community, ecosystem, landscapes, biosphere
64
doldrums
area of light wind created by moist air rising at the equator
65
trade winds
when dry air descends, some of it spreads back toward the equator
66
temperate zones
the latitudes between the tropics and the arctic circle in the north and the antarctic circle in the south
67
prevailing winds
result from using and falling of air
68
westerlies
winds that blow from west to east
69
ocean currents
river-like flow patterns in the ocean
70
biomes
major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water
71
population ecology
changes in population size and the factor that regulate populations over time
72
population density
number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume
73
dispersion pattern
refers to the way individuals are spaced within their area
74
clumped dispersion pattern
individuals are grouped into patches -- most common in nature
75
uniform dispersion pattern
an even one
76
random dispersion pattern
individuals are spaced in an unpredictable way
77
life tables
track survivorship
78
survivorship curves
plots survivorship as the proportion of individuals from an initial population that are alive at each age
79
density-dependent factors
limiting factors whose intensity is related to population density
80
intraspecific competition
competition between individuals of the same species for limited resources
81
density-independent factors
a population-limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to population density
82
life history
traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and death
83
r-selection
these species have advantage is unpredictable habitats
84
K-selection
adapt to environments with stable climate
85
community
an assemblage of all of the populations
86
interspecific interactions
relationships with individuals of other species in the community
87
mutualism
both populations benefit (+/+)
88
predation
predator kills and eats the prey (+/-)
89
herbivory
Consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal. Both plants and animals may be victimized (+/-)
90
trophic structure
a pattern of feeding relationships
91
food chain
sequence of food tranfer
92
producers
"self-feeders" (bottom)
93
primary consumers
herbivores, which eat plants, algae, or phytoplankton
94
secondary consumers
eat consumers (insects) from the level below (small mammals)
95
tertiary consumers
eat consumers (mice) from the level below (snakes)
96
quaternary consumers
eat consumers from the level below (hawks and killer whales)
97
detritus
the dead material produced at all the trophic levels
98
scavengers
crows and vultures feats on carcasses left behind by predators
99
detritivores
earthworms and millipedes
100
decomposers
mainly prokaryotes and fungi, secrete enzymes that digest molecules in organic material and convert them to inorganic forms
101
energy flow
the passage of energy through the components of the ecosystem
102
chemical cycling
the transfer of materials within the ecosystem
103
the carbon cycle
1) photosynthesis removes CO2 2) plants, algae -> primary consumers -> higher-level consumers 3) cellular respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere 4) decomposers break down the carbon compounds 5) burning of wood and fossil fuel raises levels of CO2
104
the phosphorus cycle
depends on the weathering of rock
105
the nitrogen cycle
depends on bacteria
106
biodiversity
encompasses more that individual species

Bio 100 (1 decks)

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