Exam 3 water soluble vitamins

Question 1

Thiamin deficiency results in the disease _____ characterized by two forms:

Answer 1

Beri Beri

• lack of energy, severe weight loss, incoordination, edema
• lactic acidosis from the inability to decarboxylate pyruvate
• Wet BeriBeri:
  
  • cardiovascular system affected
  • severe edema in extremities
• Dry BeriBeri
  
  • Nervous system affected
  • emotional disturbances

Question 2

Thiamin Deficiency results in the disease ____ which requires a necropsy for diagnostic confirmation

Answer 2

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

• symptoms
  
  • head pressing
  • “star gazing” - retracted head/neck position
• Diagnostic confirmation
  
  • take brain and expose it ti UV light, turns blue if affected

Question 3

Excess ____ can cause a thiamin deficency. ______ is high in this

Answer 3

sulfur; Dried distillers grains with solubles

Question 4

What are the two thiamin antagonists?

Answer 4

AMPROLIUM
 - anticoccidial drug (Corid)
 - inhibits protozoal uptake of thiamin
 - high doses can create deficiency in treated animals
THIAMINASES
 - Bracken fern poisoning
 - Raw fish (destroyed by cooking)
     * discovered on mink farms

Question 5

What are some sources of Thiamin

Answer 5

1. nutritional yeast
2. beans, peas, green leafy crops
3. egg yolk, liver, kidney

Question 6

Riboflavin is also known as

Answer 6

Vitamin B2

Question 7

riboflavin is a constituent of

Answer 7

flavoproteins

• flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
• flavin adenine mononucleotide (FAD)

Question 8

Riboflavin helps in ___ transport in CHO, lipid metabolism

Answer 8

H

Question 9

Riboflavin deficiency results in

Answer 9

"CURLED TOE PARALYSIS" in chicks
 - nerve degeneration
 - toes curl inward ("fists")
"CLUBBED DOWN" in chicks
 - embryonic abnormality
 - down feather grows inside follicle
 - results in coiled feather formation
EQUINE RECURRENT UVEITIS 
 - periodic ophthalmia
 - "moon blindness"

Question 10

Riboflavin is destroyed by

Answer 10

alkali, exposure to UV light (sunlight)

• Jaundice = build up of bilirubin in skin
  
  • phototherapy destroys bilirubin
  • UV light also destroys riboflavin so supplementation is needed

Question 11

What are some sources of Riboflavin

Answer 11

1. nutritional yeast
2. liver
3. milk
4. whey
5. green leafy vegetables

Question 12

What is a poor source of Riboflavin

Answer 12

cereal grains

Question 13

Niacin is also known as ____ or _____

Answer 13

Vitamin B3; Nicotinamide

Question 14

Nicotinamide is the active group of what 3 important coenzymes?

Answer 14

1. nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)
2. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
3. NAD phosphate (NADP)

Question 15

Niacin is involved ___ transport in CHO/ lipid metabolism

Answer 15

H

Question 16

Niacin can be synthesized from

Answer 16

tryptophan but the conversion is inefficient due to competing pathways for serotonin

Question 17

____ cannot synthesize niacin from tryptophan

Answer 17

cats

Question 18

Niacin deficiency results in

Answer 18

PELLAGRA

• dermal lesions
• dementia
• diarrhea
• appetite loss, weakness
• more common in humans where corn is a staple food
  
  • corn low in in Trp and available niacin (corn bread in diet in southern US)
• origin of the term “redneck”

Question 19

What are sources of niacin

Answer 19

1. Cereal grains especially corn
   - alkali treatments of corn (nixtamalization) makes the unavailable niacin biologically available
2. Green leafy vegetables
3. Animal foods

Question 20

Pantothenic acid is also known as

Answer 20

vitamin B5

Question 21

Pantothenic acid is found

Answer 21

in nearly every food

Question 22

pantothenic acid is a component of

Answer 22

coenzyme A - Transfer of acyl groups in metabolism

Question 23

Describe pantothenic acid deficiency

Answer 23

it is RARE.

if happens causes locomotor incoordination (“goose stepping”)

Question 24

Pyroxidine is also known as

Answer 24

Vitamin B6

Question 25

Pyroxidine is found in what 3 interconvertible forms

Answer 25

1. pyridoxine (parent molecule) 2. pyridoxal (important) 3. pyridoxamine

Question 26

Pyridoxine deficiency results in

Answer 26

``` IMPAIRED AMINO ACID METABOLISM - nonessential AA become conditionally essential REDUCED RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION - anemia SLOW GROWTH, POOR FEATHERING ETC. ```

Question 27

What are some sources of pyridoxine

Answer 27

meats green leafy vegetables legumes

Question 28

Biotin is also known as

Answer 28

vitamin B7

Question 29

Biotin is important in the transport of ____ in metabolism

Answer 29

CO2

Question 30

What is an antagonist of biotin? where is it found?

Answer 30

AVIDIN - raw egg whites. binds to biotin making it biologically unavailable in small intestine - inactivated by cooking (heat)

Question 31

Biotin deficiency results in

Answer 31

- impaired CHO, FA protein/AA metabolism - hair loss (alopecia) - cracking of hooves/ nails - wart-like lesions of feet in poultry

Question 32

What are some sources of biotin

Answer 32

liver eggs legume seeds green leafy vegetables

Question 33

Folic acid is also known as ____ or ____

Answer 33

vitamin B7 or Folacin

Question 34

Folic acid function as the carrier of

Answer 34

1-C groups - nucleic acid (purine) metabolism - conversion of met to cys

Question 35

Folic acid Deficiency results in

Answer 35

VERY RARE IN LIVESTOCK - hair/wool/feather abnormalities - high sulfur AA content - stunted growth ELEVATED BLOOD HOMOCYSTEINE - implicated in the development of heart disease NEURAL TUBE DEFECTSIN FETUS - spina bifida (fetal spinal column doesn't close completely in first month gestation) - supplemental folic acid for women who are or intend to become pregnant

Question 36

What are sources of Folic Acid

Answer 36

nuts, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables

Question 37

Cyanocobalamin is also known as

Answer 37

vitamin b12

Question 38

what is the most often supplemented form of cobalamin

Answer 38

cyanocobalamin

Question 39

what is the most active form of cobalamin in the human body

Answer 39

methylcobalamin

Question 40

cyanocobalamin contain

Answer 40

cobalt

Question 41

cyanocobalamin function in the conversion of

Answer 41

Met to Cys | related function to folic acid

Question 42

Cyanocobalamin is synthesized by

Answer 42

naturally exclusively by bacteria (ruminant microbes!!)

Question 43

is cyanocobalamin found in plants

Answer 43

NO! | strict vegetarian/vegan diets must supplement

Question 44

What is intrinsic factor? where does it come from

Answer 44

it comes from the parietal cells, it is a carrier protein for absorption of VitB12

Question 45

cyanocobalamin deficiency can be due to

Answer 45

lack of VitB12, Intrinsic factor or Cobalt

Question 46

cyanocobalamin deficiency results in

Answer 46

pernicious anemia - mostly associated with strict vegetarian diet - lack of cobalt in ruminants

Question 47

what are sources of cyanocobalamin

Answer 47

ANIMAL FOODS ONLY

Question 48

Ascorbic acid is also known as

Answer 48

vitamin c

Question 49

ascorbic acid functions include

Answer 49

1. maintenance of collagen 2. oxidation reduction reactions 3. transport of iron ions (with transferrin) 4. antioxidant (recharges/recycles VitE)

Question 50

Ascorbic Acid deficiency results in

Answer 50

SCURVY - lack of collagen formation/repair * deformations of bone, teeth, connective tissue - Classic symptoms * bleeding gums * scaly skin * corkscrew hair/hair loss - associated with sailors/pirates * not consuming VitC (citrus fruits)

Question 51

Vitamin C is dietary essential for ...

Answer 51

only a few species - humans/other primates - guinea pigs - bats - about 96% of fish species

Question 52

why is ascorbic acid non essential for most livestock species

Answer 52

it can be synthesized from glucose