Exam #3.1

Question 1

Appearance of a simple cyst

Answer 1

Anechoic with ETT, round/oval in both planes, clear margins/sharp borders, thin walls

Question 2

Functional cyst

Answer 2

Result of hormones in the normal female cycle

Question 3

Difference between;
Normal follicle
Dominate follicle
Follicular cyst

Answer 3

Normal follicle; 1-2.5 cm
Dominate follicle; 1.5-5cm
Follicular Cyst; >3cm

Question 4

What cyst measurement warrant surgical internation?

Answer 4

> 10cm

<10cm but >5cm will need follow up

Question 5

What is the difference you will see when visualizing ovaries with PCOS vs. Theca-Lutein cysts?

Answer 5

PCOS; Endocrine disorder. String of pearls (cysts around the periphery of ovary

Theca-Lutein cyst; Larger, multiloculated cysts covering entire ovary - HCG levels will be high. - bilateral.

Question 6

Follicular cyst

Answer 6

• Functional cyst
• Benign
• Ovarian cyst over 3cm

Question 7

Theca-Lutein cyst

Answer 7

• Functional cyst
• Benign
• Multiloculated, covering ovaries, “cluster of grapes”

Question 8

Meig’s syndrome

Answer 8

triad of (1) benign pelvic mass (2) hydrothorax (3) ascites

Question 9

Corpus luteal cyst

Answer 9

• Follicular cyst
• Benign
• Prone to hemorrhage
• Ring of fire

Question 10

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

Answer 10

• PCOS
• String of pearls
• Patient Signs and Symtoms; Obesity, amenorrha, anovulation, hirsutism, infertility

Question 11

Torsion

Answer 11

• Younger women

- little to no blood flow

Question 12

Sonographic appearance of Acute Torsion

Answer 12

• Hypoechoic
• swollen/enlarged
• acute onset of pain
• little to no blood flow

Question 13

Sonographic appearance of Chronic Torsion

Answer 13

• Hyperechoic/increased echogenicity
• shrunken
• dull pain/ache

Question 14

Most common Epithelial benign and malignant tumor

Answer 14

-Cystadenomas
-Cystadenocarcinoma
(Epithelial)

Question 15

Malignant mass characteristics

Answer 15

Complex tissue, irregular borders, thick septations, high blood flow

Question 16

Signs and symptoms of Ovarian carcinoma

Answer 16

Abd bloating, GI problems, fatigue, urinary symptoms, menstrual irregularities

Question 17

Most common germ cell tumor - benign and malignant

Answer 17

Benign - Teratoma (cystic teratoma/dermoid)

Malignant- Dysgerminoma

Question 18

Metastatic Krunkenberg

Answer 18

Mets to overy from gastric/stomach cancer

Question 19

Ovarian mets most commonly originate from what location?

Answer 19

Colon - Bilateral effect

Question 20

Stages of Ovarian carcinoma

Answer 20

1. Growth limited to ovaries
2. Beyond ovaries but within the true pelvis
3. Superficial liver metastasis
4. Distant metastasis or pleural involvement

Question 21

Cancer spreads to other parts of the body my traveling via…..

Answer 21

Lymphatic system, growth, or venous/ arterial flow

Question 22

Benign and Malignant Epithelial tumors and their sonographic apperance

Answer 22

> Benign-
*Serous cystadenomas - serous/anechoic fluid, thin septations
*Mucinous cystadenomas- Mucinous/thinker fluid filled with debris, Thinker septations
*Brenner/transitional- Solid, hypoechoic (can mimic other tumors)
Malignant
*Serous cysadenocarcinoma- Most common melignant tumor-cystic/solid fluid, thick septations, irregular borders, increased blood flow
*Mucinous Cysadenocarcinoma- pseudomyxoma peritonei
*Endometroid
*Clear cell

Question 23

Benign and malignant Germ cell tumors and their sonographic apperance

Answer 23

> Benign
* Teratomas/ Cystic Teratomas/ Desmoids-
Most common germ cell tumor. Composed of all three germ cell layers, tip of the iceberg. Composed of teeth, hair, bone, ect.
Malignant
* Teratocarcinoma (immature teratoma)-
Highly malignant. Solid, possibly cystic areas.
*Dysgerminoma
Most common germ cell cancer. Younger women, solid, possibly cystic areas. Very radiosensitive

Question 24

Benign and malignant Stromal tumor (sex cord) and their sonographic apperance

Answer 24

> Benign
* Ovarian Fibromas-
Solid, hypoechoic mass. Associated with Meigs Syndrome (benign pelvic mass, hydrothorax/pleural effusion, ascities).
*Thecomas- Solid ovarian mass. Releases estrogen, causing it to proliferate/thicken.
Malignant
* Granulosa- Theca Cell- Solid, produces estrogen.
*Stertoli-Leydig (androblastoma)- Solid. Releases testosterone and causes musculation in female.