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1
Q

2 things needed to make sound

A

Vibration + buzzing

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2
Q

Largest + smallest instrument

A

Tuba and flute

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3
Q

Woodwinds

A
  • Flute
  • Oboe
  • Bassoon
  • Clarinet
  • Saxophone
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4
Q

Brass

A
  • Trumpet
  • Trombone
  • Baritone
  • French horn
  • Tuba
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5
Q

Double reeds?

A

Oboe + bassoon

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6
Q

Tuned percussion + def?

A
  • Xylophone
  • Tubular chimes
  • Timpani
    can hit different notes and have pitch
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7
Q

Untuned percussion + def

A
  • Triangle
  • Gong
  • Crash cymbals
    can only sound 1 note
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8
Q

Embouchure?

A
  • Say the word “Pooh” to get basic form

- Don’t puff out cheecks

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9
Q

How to take care of Trombone?

A
  1. Don’t jam mouthpiece in

2. Turn the knob to ensure the slide unit and bell unit stay together

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10
Q

Rhythm

A
  1. Tempo (fast, slow, changing?)
  2. Meter (time signature - 2/4, 3/4, etc., on the beat or off)
    Syncopation: rhythm places emphasis on weak beat

Length of notes/tempo (musical time)

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11
Q

Melody

A
  • Shape (ascending, descending)
  • Range (narrow - 1 to 5, medium - 6 to 9, wide - 10+)
  • Contour (wave, arch)
  • Movement (conjunct - stepwise, or disjunct - leaps)

The main tune

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12
Q

Harmony

A

Consonance (agreeable notes) or dissonance (unpleasant sounding, needs resolution)

2 or more pitches sounding together

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13
Q

Timbre

A
  1. Type of instruments

2. Dynamics

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14
Q

Texture

A

Monophonic - one line + percussion
Polyphonic - two or more melodic lines
Homophonic - melody with harmonic accompaniment

of parts happening at once

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15
Q

Form

A

Strophic form - one part, AA
Binary form - two parts, AB or AABB or ABAB
Ternary form - three parts, ABA

Structure/organization of a piece of music

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16
Q

Baroque: style

A

ornate (trills, grace notes)

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17
Q

Baroque: harmony

A
  • busy

- major/minor

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18
Q

Baroque: timbre

A
  • harpsichord
  • organ
  • strings
  • timpani
  • minimal woodwinds and brass
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19
Q

Baroque: rhythm

A
  • busy

- quick chord changes

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20
Q

Baroque: form

A

Assymetrical

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21
Q

Baroque: texture

A

polyphonic

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22
Q

Baroque: Patronage system

A

musicians were hired for their services; often times by a person, royalty, or churches

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23
Q

Baroque: orchestra

A
  • smaller than modern
  • focused around strings
  • flutes, oboes, bassoon, and natural horns (no valves) were added
  • timpani was only percussion
  • harpsichord + organ = harmonies
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24
Q

Baroque: basso continuo

A

a bass line; an improvised harmoney

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25
Baroque: composers
Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Goerge Frideric Handel
26
Baroque era: when?
1600-1750
27
Classical: when?
1750-1820 | bach died
28
Classical: composers
1. F.J Haydn 2. W.A Mozart 3. L. Beethoven
29
Classical: social + history
- Vienna was musical centre - Industrial revolution = more $ - French Revolution + Napoleonic Wars = more freedom for public to enjoy leisure activities - Patronage died out - Composers were self-employed and wrote for public = simpler
30
Classical: style
- simpler, less busy than baroque | - absolute music
31
Classical: absolute music
"music for music's sake" (not for dancing, storytelling or to celebrate anything)
32
Classical: melody
- simple melody - balanced phrases (8 or 4 bars) - symmetrical question + answer structures
33
Classical: texture
homophonic
34
Classical: timbre
- piano - strings - timpani - more use of woodwinds and brass
35
Classical: harmony
- slower chord changes - cadences resolved the end of a song - simpler, less busy - major/minor
36
Classical: form
- symmetrical | - structured forms (concerto, symphony, sonata)
37
Classical: forms of this era
1. Classical concerto (featured soloist + orchestra) 2. Symphony (just orchestra) 3. Sonata (1 or 2 solo instruments only, especially piano)
38
Classical: orchestra
- instrumental more important than vocal - key solo instrument: piano bc it could produce different dynamics - flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon were added as sections to orchestra - strings still used for flavour
39
Romantic: when?
1820-1900
40
Romantic: composers
Richard Wagner, Franz Schubert, Frederic Chopin, Johannes Brahms
41
Romantic: social + history
- Personal expression, emotion, wonder, and mystery in supernatural - Revolutions throughout Europe lead to the rise of NATIONALISM, leading composers to incorporate nationalist feelings in their pieces - EXOTICISM: composers wrote music inspired by exotic lands - Gesamtkunstwerk (total work of art) - More woman performers tho they struggles to be taken seriously as composers
42
Romantic: style
- emotional - extreme dynamics (crescendos/decrescendos) - programme music
43
Romantic: harmony
- dissonance | - chromatic
44
Romantic: timbre
- piano - more percussion - huge orchestra
45
Romantic: texture
- homophonic
46
Romantic: rhythm
- accelerado - ritardando - rubato = rob time
47
Romantic: form
- structured forms (tone poems, lieders/art songs)
48
Romantic: orchestra
- piano became common household instrument - valves were added to brass instruments - new key systems of woodwind instruments made them easier to play
49
Romantic: programme music
music that tells a story or has a narrative
50
Romantic: leitmotif
a musical theme attached to a character (ex. Star Wars Imperial March = Darth Vader)
51
Accelerando
Increase of tempo in music
52
Adagio
Slow
53
Allegretto
Moderately fast
54
Allegro
Really fast
55
Andante
Moderately slow
56
Diminuendo
Gradually growing softer. Decrescendo.
57
Legato
Smooth, flowing
58
Largo
Large, broad, slow and stately
59
Legato
Smooth and connected
60
Lento
Slow
61
Piano
Soft
62
Pianissimo
Very soft
63
Ritardando
Gradually growing slower
64
Staccato
Separate. Sounded in a short, detached manner
65
Syncopation
The rhythmic result produced when a regularly accented beat is displaced onto an unaccented beat
66
Tempo
The rate of speed at which a musical composition is performed
67
Mezzo
m, Medium
68
Forte
f, loud
69
Fortissimo
ff, very loud
70
Mezzo-forte
mf, medium loud
71
Mezzo-piano
mp, medium quiet
72
Pianissimo
pp, very quiet
73
Sharp
Raise pitch half a semi-tone
74
Flat
Lower pitch half a semi-tone
75
Nationalism
Pride in one's country
76
Instruments in Basso Continuo?
Harpsichord | String bass
77
Harpsichord def
Keyboard instrument, precursor to piano in baroque era
78
Time signiture
Number of beats | What type of note represents 1 beat
79
Exercises to warm up?
1. Scales: learn pitches/fingering 2. Long tones for good tones 3. Tonguing: staccato

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