Exam Flashcards

Question

Factors Affecting Increase in Lower Fertility Rates

Answer 1

- Higher levels of education and literacy, especially where girls enter higher education or workforce - Legislation that limits the size of a family, such as China's One Child Policy - Economies that value career mobility - High standards in health care - More access to contraception - Lower death rates

Answer 2

- Its workforce will shrink as more people retire and fewer young people are available to replace them. - As the workforce shrinks, fewer taxpayers will be making contributions to support the larger group that is receiving government pension. - Healthcare costs will rise to pay for the care of the elderly - Country's dependency load will rise. Ex. Canada's dependency load is predicted to rise from 20 percent in 2005 to 40 percent by 2030/

Answer 3

- government policies that encourage immigration could be set in place - For example, Canada encourages immigration of skilled workers to enhance its workforce and reduce the dependency load caused by its aging population.

Answer 4

1. Natural increase or decrease: The difference between the number of births and deaths 2. Migration: The number of people who move into a country in relation to those who leave to live elsewhere.

Answer 5

People of the same age group, usually grouped into five year intervals

Answer 6

An exceptionally large age cohort, which results from a period of unusually high birth rates

Answer 7

Number of births for every 1000 people in a population. To calculate this, divide the total number of births in one year by the total population, then multiply by 100.

Answer 8

Model that shows the relationship between births and deaths at different stages in a country's development Suggests that changes in birth AND death rates are influenced by changes in a country's personal and social development, not just economic changes.

Answer 9

Birth rates remain high for a number of years despite declines in infant mortality, as cultures take time to adjust to changing realities. A characteristic of Phase 3 of the DTM.

Answer 10

A number of births compared to the number of women of child-bearing age (15-49) Divide the number of births in one year by the total number of women aged 15-49 and multiply by 1000.

Answer 11

Total value of goods and services produced by workers and capital within a country during a year

Answer 12

Similar to GDP but includes remittances (money, payment) from a foreign income

Answer 13

Policy used in China to limit fertility rates. Families with more than one child suffered penalties under the policy. Based on rewards and punishments. - Some provinces, women with one child are to be sterilized. - Unmarried pregnant women shall have an abortion - Those who disobey the policy will be taken off waiting lists for housing, job promotion or be forced to work for lower wages. - Those who obey will receive better housing, receive loans and higher wages. Critics say that it has led to millions of "missing girls" who have been aborted due to a male heir being preferred. As a result of this policy, men outnumber women by 60 million. However, without it, China would have 200 million more people today.

Answer 14

Bar graph that shows the proportion of the population that belongs to different age cohorts, as well as whether they are male or female. Allows us to see the effect of population policies, impact of pandemics, future likely changes etc. Three different types of population pyramids: Expansive - large number of young people and high birth rate due to the wide base. Developing countries Constructive - Even appearence through most age cohorts. Birth and death rates have declines. Developed countries. Stationary - Narrowing of the base. Birth rate has plunged. Leads to declining population. Spain, Italy and Russia.

Answer 15

Birth rate minus the death rate. If this value is negative, there will be a natural decrease in the population

Answer 16

**Declines:** * Women in developed countries are focusing on careers rather than family - polar opposite from the past * Changing values in marriage, cohabitation and divorce * Fertility falling to low levels * Increasing life longetivity * Contraception is widely available in developed countries **Increase:** * No access to contraception * High infant mortality rates * Low levels of education and literacy * Cultural differences such as women marryig at young ages * Religions influence on birth control

Answer 17

Debt that has become so high that it is unsustainable: a country cannot afford to keep up with interest payment.

Answer 18

Countries with emerging economies that are increasing their wealth through industrialization and trade.

Answer 19

Terms sometimes used to distinguish between the developed countries and those that are less developed.

Answer 20

Organization of eight of the richest and most powerful countries in the world. It includes the US, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, Japan and Russia.

Answer 21

International financial institution that works closely with the World Bank. The IMF gets involved when countries have a financial crises, such as an inability to meet debt payments.

Answer 22

Organization of the 30 richest countries in the world. They hold 97% of all worldwide patents.

Answer 23

Economic programs recommended by the World Bank and IMF as conditions for additional economic assistance.

Answer 24

International Financial Institution that lends money to countries for development projects.

Answer 25

* Absolute poverty - inability to acquire the basic necessities for life * Human poverty - conidtions where people have little or no access to services such as clean water and education * Income poverty - Income is insufficient to meet the cost of living. Varies around the world. * Relative poverty - measuring the well-being of a person against others in the same community.

Answer 26

* United Nations Human Development Report which uses four indexes 1. Human Development Index 2. Human poverty index 3. Gender empowerment measure 4. Gender-related development infex

Answer 27

A developed country has: * advanced industry with manufacturing where research and innovation take place * Sustained and steady growth of wealth * Multinational corportations are numerous * Advanced infrastructure such as roads and telecommunications * Well educated population * Stable government A less developed country will have low incomes, low rates of public spending to due a lack of government taxes etc.

Answer 28

Developed - Canada and the United States Developing - Brazil and Mexico due to emerging industrial wealth Least developed - Somalia and Niger

Answer 29

Economist Rostow believed that countries passed through 5 stages. 1. STAGE 1: The Traditional Society - Mainly rural population with agriculture dominating. Based on a subsistence economy where things are produced for self and community consumption. 2. STAGE 2: Preconditions for Takeoff: Development of a strong central government encourages entrepeneurs to start and grow their own businesses through improvements in infrastructure. 3. STAGE 3: The Takeoff: Huge expansion in the number of entrepreneurs and businesses. Large amounts of foreign investment helps the country develop and people same large amounts of money. 4. STAGE 4: The Drive to Maturity - There are significant developments in innovation and technology helping the manufucaturing industries to grow. The population of citie expands and high levels of savings continue creating a wealthier consumer class. 5. STAGE 5: The Age of High Mass Consumption: High levels of production and consumption. New technologies lead to rapid change and new products. Consumer population lives mostly in large, modern cities.

Answer 30

1. **Historic Links -** Wealthy developed countries keeping ties with countries that were once colonies. For example - Much of Africa was controlled by European colonial masters 2. **Economic Development:** Economic aid given in the form of short-term and long-term loans to finances projects such as infrastructure. It helps create business opportunties, especially to the donating country. 3. **Humanitium -** Provided under emergency conditions such as the South Asian tsunami, or the Nepal earthquake. 4. **Political strings -** Aid is provided as it can extend the influence of the donor country into the receiving country. Ex. Military equipment to help maintain a government that is friendly towards the donor country.

Answer 31

1. Biliteral Aid - One country gives money or assistance directly to another country 2. Multilateral Aid - Contributions such as clothing, vehicles, food are made to international aid agencies who distrivute the contributions where they are most needed.

Answer 32

Often comes with conditions: * Form of a loan that must be paid back * Normally for short-term improvements such as helping overcome a local drought and does little to help the country long-terms * 2/3 of all foreign aid is donated to the richest 40 percent of developing countries. The poorest countries receive the least. * Can even do harm such as when local farmers cannot compete with free or subsidized food flooding into a country.

Answer 33

Loss of skilled progessional caused by emigration.

Answer 34

Individual or family moves across an international border for permanent or semi-permanent residence.

Answer 35

When people are forced to move from one country to another without wanting to do so.

Answer 36

Someone who has bene given legal status to remain in a country and eventually apply for citizenship.

Answer 37

Pull - Something that attracts people towards another home and way of life such as employment Push - Something that pushes people away from their home such as warfare

Answer 38

Migrants usually take a series of steps before reaching their final settlement destination.

Answer 39

Worker who moves to a country in order to fill a job requirement for a set period of time.

Answer 40

Allegiance to multiple countries, often with dual citizenship

Answer 41

People themselves make a decision to move.

Answer 42

Porous rock that is able to store water.

Answer 43

Maximum number of people or animals that are abe to feed from a piece of land.

Answer 44

Shared resources that are not owned by a specific group of people such as the ocean or the atmosphere In "The Tragedy of the Commons" Hardin says that individuals act selfishly and not necessarily for the good of the others. He illustrates this by what happenes to the commons - shared resources that are not owned by a group of people such as the ocean. Hardin says, For example, a pastureland common to a village. A number of farmers use this land for grazing their animals. There is no set limit as to how many animals can be grazed and no cost to the farmer for using the common land so a farmer will gain more profit by putting as many animals as possible onto the land. The disadvantage is that this system of free use will encourage an overuse of the land, unless there is a set of rules. Eventually, the resource will nto be able to grow fast enough and its carrying capacity/threshold will be reached making the land useless. If rules can be put into place and enforced, than the commons can be protected. Unfortunately, on a global scale, international rules are lacking. Thus, fishing fleets continue to overharvest critical fish stocks to the verge of extinction.

Answer 45

Society in which people strive to acquire products as a sign of success and to make their lives more comfortable.

Answer 46

Area of shallow water near the edge of a continent. These areas contain ideal conditions for fish and other marine organisms.

Answer 47

Skills and knowledge of people that can be used as a resource. Example: carpenter builds the frame of a house.

Answer 48

Unique climate in a small area caused by local conditions that affect the climate.

Answer 49

Something drawn from the natural environment used to help meet the needs of individuals and groups of people.

Answer 50

Something used to meet the needs of both individuals and groups of people.

Answer 51

Growing, harvesting and processing of a resource

Answer 52

Resource that is available in a limited quantity since it is non-renewable

Answer 53

Process by which plants expel water vapour into the atmosphere through their leaves

Answer 54

Marine environment that is used by various fish species to lay their eggs

Answer 55

The earth's greenery players a crucial role in the health of the planet through the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere while expeling oxygen. It's also the habitat for up to 90% of world's species. Trees, for example are a renewable resource, therefore wood should never run out. With good resource management, when new trees are planted, they can continue to supply wood and this resource will never run out. However, poor resource management can sometimes even damage renewable resource and lead to the disappearence of a resource that should always be present. For example, water can get polluted, or trees in forest land may not be replaced. According to the World Resource Institute, forests are in trouble as 25 percent of the earth's forest cover has been lost in the past 40 years. It is down to just 20 percent of the original, undisturbed forest. Critical Resources are resources that are vulnerable to poor management practices, such as fish stocks. Some regions of the world, such as the Grand Banks of Canada's east coast have been seriouslt overfished. The fish stocks are so depleted that scientists believe that they have little chance of recovering. Explain Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons Many times forests are lost due to forest fires, illegal cutting of trees and an increasing population means the consumption of paper has triped. When forest is lost and not replaced, a number of environmental impacts are found. For one, the climate changes as it becomes more extreme without trees. They help prevent flooding - acting like a sponge and catching water through their leaves. Once the forest is unable to grow back, many plant and animal species go extinct and an ecological imbalance occcurs. Today, the clearing of forests remains the greatest cause of species extinction. In Canada, only 6 percent of all forest land is protected from logging leaving 160million hectares available for worrying exploitation. Tropical rainforests are among the most threatened of the world's biomes, only covering 6% of the world's surface but producing over 40 percent of all oxyfen, and have a significant impact on global weather. The Congo Basin is home to the world's second largest rainforest, however, with a population of over 52 million, it faces the threat of deforestation more than any other forest region in the world. Reasons for the basin being threatened and cut include * Commercial logging * Widespread civil violence * Population explosion and expansion of villages into the forests. * International Debt - world bank enourages countries to increase commercial forest operations in order to pay off debt.

Answer 56

Stock resources

Answer 57

The ability to use and manage the Earth's resources without damaging or depleting the resource for future generations.

Answer 58

The point at which a resource is harvested beyond its ability to recover.

Answer 59

Forests in many parts of the world are being managed in a dangerous way. For example, Ethiopia. 40 percent of the land in Ethiopia used to be covered by forests. They provided an excellent natural habitat for many species, as well as a local micro-climate resulting fromt he trees breathing out moisture through transpiration. Hpwever, due to intense drought many trees were cut down and forests cleared Today, less than 5% of Ethiopias lands are dcovered bt forest which has rmade the environment even drier due to a disruption in the transpiration process. Plants and small trees had no way of regrowing as the threshold of tree harvesting and regeneration had been exceeded. The result was a collapsed ecosystem harming human and animal species.

Answer 60

Thr rate of consumption of the Earth's resources has increased as more people follow a consumer culture. The United States, for example, has less than 4% of the world's population and consumes more than 1/5 of its resources. The US, alone gobbles up more than 25% of the world's oil and natural gas. Europe and North America have 12% of the worlds population and consumes 60% of its manufactured products. The world cannot sustain an addition of another U.S. or Europe, however, this problem will have to be faced as China and India have just less than 40% of the world's population and will soon catch up to the consumption of resources at American levels. If the developing world were to consume the same amount of energy as those in the developed world, the world would need to produce eight times more energy. The increasing global demand for energy will be led by two countries with huge populations - China and India. Both of which are undergoing rapid industrialization and demans for energy. In order to ensure that Canadians continue to produce sufficient energy levels in the future, a revised national energy policy must be established - one that addresses all key issues from the 1970 policy. The current state of Canada’s energy reserves, exports, the domestic energy consumption and the threats to Canada’s future energy resources such as the American oil production industry and environmental extremism must be analyzed and scrutinized at the highest level in order to make for an effective policy. Lastly, this proposal will touch upon policy initiatives such as energy efficiency and the exploration of the Arctic for energy resources which will help ensure Canada’s future energy security. As it stands, Canada remains one of the most energy-intensive countries, only behind the United States, China, Russia and Saudi Arabia. In 2010, Canada’s maintained its position in having the third most significant resource base. However, because Canada is such a vast northern country, with such high energy production levels come high rates of domestic energy consumption. In 2011, energy consumption surged from 2007 with the total domestic energy consumption increasing by 4%. Fortunately, in 2012, Canada saw an increase in energy exports, primarily to the United States, with an income of $128 billion, mainly generated by the sale of oil and gas. Worldwide, Canada ranks 2nd in the exportation of uranium, and electricity,and fourth for crude oil and natural gas, making them one of the top exporters of energy. If Canada is to preserve its upstanding reputation as a top exporter and producer of energy, action must be taken against anything that threatens Canada’s energy resources, this includes the booming oil production industry in the United States. For years, the United States has remained Canada’s top export destination for energy - responsible for 98% of its total energy exports. The hike in the United States’ oil production forces the prices of oil to decrease and risks Canada’s investment plans as it would prove difficult to find new export markets. Environmental extremism also remains a serious threat to Canada’s energy resources and according to a report released by the RCMP’s “Access to Information” environmental terrorists “are more likely to strike at critical infrastructure than religiously inspired terrorists” This may be due to the number of growing protestors against Canada’s oil sands sector due to the production of greenhouse gases that lead to climate change. If this national energy policy is to be successful, attention must be drawn to two policy initiatives that will ensure Canada’s future energy security, the first being energy intensity. If Canada hopes to continue to supply energy at the current rates for decades to come, the energy intensity must change as increased levels will make it difficult to support and run the Canadian society. Additionally, seeing as the energy that Canadians consume is primarily from fossil fuels - finite resources - an increase in energy levels will lead to further dependence on the international market which may lead to a number of geopolitical issues, including nuclear issues and tensions regarding the Canadian Arctic. If Canada is to avoid these consequences, it must make energy efficiency a bigger priority in order to alleviate the pressure on energy resources. Secondly, Canada should place more focus on exploring the Arctic. As the population is set to increase by over two billion by 2050, it is key that Canada explores the Arctic for further energy sources that will maximize profit. It is estimated that nearly “one quarter of the world’s remaining undiscovered energy resource remains there”, along with ten percent of the world’s oil and 25 percent of earth’s natural gas. It is fundamental to the future of Canada’s energy resources that we begin the excavation process as soon as possible as development and production may take up to fifteen years. Doing so, would cement Canada’s future and reputation as one of the leading producers and exporters of energy. Although presently Canada is energy secure, it must continue to seek new methods and alternatives in order to entrench its reputation as an energy-rich nation - not only as a producer of energy, but as a top exporter of these resources. In order for this to occur, it must review its position from all angles: the country’s current state involving energy reserves; domestic energy consumption, exports; possible threats and finally, the future. What initiatives should a national energy policy include in order to safeguard Canada’s future energy security? The answer is simple - it must work towards a more energy efficient Canada and take the next step in exploring the Arctic for resources.

Answer 61

A method of measuring the amount of resources needed from the environmet. Every human needs an area of land and water in order to generate resources to sustain a certain way of life. This area of land is an ecological footprint. A simple way of life such as subsistence farming in the developing world requires a small footprint.

Answer 62

Today, many Canadians take one of the most significant resources for granted - fresh water. Nearly 80 percent of the all fresh water is frozen in the ice caps, with less than 1 percent being easily accessible surface water. The supply of water on Earth is fixed, However, fresh water is not equally distributed around the world Canada has by far the most fresh water per person of any other country on earth with nearly 100,000 cubic metres per person in comparison to Palestines 70 cubic metres per person. According to a British environmental group, in 2025, 48 countries containing 3 billion people will face water shortages and by 2050, these numbers will increase to 54 and 4 billion, respectively. With the population expecting huge numbers of growth, these are serious resource shortages. Water contains a number of useful characteristics that make it extremely useful, including its ability to act as a solvent, making it an invaluable mining asset. Secondly, water exists naturally in all three states, making it essential to the water cycle as this energy can be harvested and converted into power. Lastly, water expands when it freezes, and as a result allows for sea life to thrive underneath, and the solid surface allows species such as polar bears and humans ease of travel. Although these characteristics make it very useful, they can also contribute to a number of abuses, primarily through consumptive uses. If too much water is withdrawn, water levels in rivers and lakes may drop, causing problems for transportation or recreational facilities. Groundwater, for example is commonly overused. Its a sustainable resource, so long as the water is not pumped out faster than it can be replenished, unfortunately, many times this is nto the case. The Ogallala Aquifier in the United States, for example supplies 20% of all irrigation water in the, however, it is estimated that it will only last for 60 more years due to it dropping by a metre every year. Once it is gone, the Ogalla Aquifier will never be able to replenish and become a source of water unless the climate becomes wet again. Sadly, this is the cause in a number of parts of the world. Apart from a loss of a supply source, over pumping of groundwater can lead to springs drying up and no longer contributing to the flow in rivers and lakes. If none of this water reaches the wetlands, they will dry up and decrease in size. This will have disastrous effects for a number of species whose habitats consist of wetlands. Thirdly, despite only a small percentage of the world's water being fresh, many times it ie being severely polluted through agricultural, industrial and even domestic waste. Agricultural products are largely to blame for the red loss of algae which in turn, reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, choking all life forms - this process is called eutrophication. It is estimated that half of all European lakes and rivers suffer from this. The Aral Sea is a prime example of the devastating effects humans can have on our resources. What once was the fourth largest inland sea with great fishing has now receded by 250km with concentrations of chemicals higher than ever. The changes and impacts that this has had have been widespread - Air quality in the region deteriorating - Increase in diseases such as tuberculosis - Loss of thousands of jobs for fishermen - The climate has changed. The Aral Sea no longer keeps the winters warmer or summers cooler - there is only extreme temperature shifts. "It has been said that water will be the ol of the 21st century" causing wars between nations. Whatever happens with regards to global water, Canada will play a big role as it holds 5.6-20% of the world's fresh water supply. Although there have been talks regarding the selling of water, Canada should not go down this route because, at some point, water bankruptcy will result. Selling Canada's water supply today, will leave Canadians at the mercy of some other country. Secondly, changing water levels and flows in order to sell this commodity, will have harmful consequences to habitats of organisms, biodiversity, shorelines and culture, particularly the First Nations.

Answer 63

Critical resources are those that are prone to poor management practices such as fish stocks. Non-critical resources are those resources that would be very difficult to mismanage. Solar energy for example, is so abundant that is supply cannot be harmed.

Answer 64

When the level of consumption cannot be sustained and will eventually lead to the loss of critical resources needed by future generations due to the current generation having large ecological footprints.

Answer 65

Canada has experienced a fisheries collapse first-hand. The fishing grounds of the Grand Banks were among the most productive in the world with annual catches of 275,000 tonnes taking place in the 1950s and dropped to 125,000 tonnes in the 1970s. In 1992, all cod fishing was banned and 40,000 people were put out of a job. It was a esson for the world. Part of the reason for overfishing is the increased efficiency of the fishing fleets. Drag ner are used in shallower areas such as continental shelves - the breeding grounds of most secies. These damage many of the spawning grounds and makes it impossible for species to reproduce again. This threatens the food security of 200 million people where fish are central to their livelihood. In order for this change, sustainable fishing requires partnerships between governments, fishermen and communies. Countries such as Senegal and Argentina have opened their waters to foreign fishing fleets leading to the increased rates of poverty due to loss of income for local fishermen, environmental damage and the depletition of native fish stocks.

Answer 66

New science that uses a variety of technologies such as the introduction of genetic material from one species to another in order to create new organisms with improved traits.

Answer 67

Number of children per thousand who die in the first five years of life

Answer 68

Plants that are not sensitive to changes in the length of the day. Most plans will grow only during certain season,s but daylight neutral plants can be grown in different seasons. By using daylight neutral crops, more than one harvest can be achieved in a year.

Answer 69

Lack of food brought on by conidtions of drought or other environmental crisis.

Answer 70

Orgasnism that has been altered by biotechnology through the addition of genetic meterial from a different species. Useful because they have been engineered to grow in specific ways or under certain conditions. All of the environmental effects are still not known.

Answer 71

Use of natural enemies to control pests, with limited use of chemicals as a last resort.

Answer 72

Economic principle that states that the return or profit from an investment has limits. The initial investment in fertilizer, for example, will create significant improvements in crop yield. Since there are limits to crop yield, however, additional investments in fertilizer will not be rewarded with the same return on your invest,emt

Answer 73

Hunger caused by a lack of balance in the types of food consumed.

Answer 74

Large multi-use dam that costs a lot of money to build.

Answer 75

Large-scale planing of a single variety of plant, such as wheat, rice or soy

Answer 76

Production of crops without chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but using traditional methods that rely on natural inputs.

Answer 77

Hormones that stimiluate and attract insects by means of scent.

Answer 78

Farmer who does not own land, but pays a portion of the crop in rent.

Answer 79

Government payment made directly to farmers who provide them with financial means to grow more food.

Answer 80

GMP crops that produce sterile seeds that will not germinate if they are planted.

Answer 81

Hunger caused by insufficient food consumption

Answer 82

Although the use of chemical fertilizers has increased drastically in recent years, these have serious side effects. Much of these chemicals ends up as runoff and enters local streams and rivers. Many bodies of water have developed algae problems that affect the amount of oxygen in the water and therefore affects the water supports such as fish and plants. Chemical fertilizers are non-renewable as they are oil based. How will productivity be maintained when they are no longer available? In the battle to produce more food, there is a diminishing amount of land suitable for growing food. Of the entire world's forests, 20 to 30 percent have already been cleared for agriculture. The FAO estimates that half of the available arable land in the world is already being used for growing crops with the remaining soil not being as fertile. One of the ways in which land could be more productive is through more efficient use of water such as megadams.

Answer 83

Use of water that requires removal of the water from its source, such as irrigation, industrial use and domestic use.

Answer 84

The process of nitrates encouraging the growth of alge, which when they die rob the water of xygen.

Answer 85

Difference between imports and exports. If exports are greater than imports, there is a surplus, which means the country makes money.

Answer 86

Natural areas that connect protected national parks. Corridors provide habitat and shelter for species to migrate from one area to another.

Answer 87

Loss of balance in the food chain, causing the population at one level to get out of control. For example, the lack od predators may allow the number of herbivores to increase. As their numbers increase, they strip the food supply, eventually causing their numbers to collapse.

Answer 88

Areas of natural rainforest reserved for the use of a local population, who extract various renewable products such as rubber latex in order to make a living.

Answer 89

As rain falls onto the ground, it filters through the soil, and dissolves nutrients. These are then carried away, causing the soil to become less fertile.

Answer 90

The right to take title of land after a period of continuous residency and use of the land. Brazil, for example encouraging the deforestation through laws that granted aquatters rights tot hose who cleared and lived on unclaimed land for 5 years.

Answer 91

Jane Goodall is best known for her research in chimpanzees and helped publicize the threats to their survival, including deforestation. Her research led to the development of a National Park where chimps and other wildlife were protected.

Answer 92

A brazilian rubber tapper and environmentalist remembered for organizing the National Council of Rubber Tappers. He convinced against a loan to the Brazilian government for road contruction to Acre, arguing that it would threaten the rainforest environment. He is seen as an international martyr to the environmental movement providing worldwide attention to it.

Answer 93

Reserves of oil and gas that can be easily reached through means of drilling and pumping from the ground.

Answer 94

An order forbidding the shipment of goods to a particular country, usually as a way to exert political pressure. In 1973, the Arab membersof OPEC placed an oil embargo on western nations in retaliation for their support of Israel in the 1973 war. The price of water in the US escalated overnight.

Answer 95

Sources of energy that are generally considered to be have a low impact on the environment. Ex. Hydro, wins, solar

Answer 96

Point in time when oil production no longer increases since new reserves are not being found fast enough to meet the increases in demans. As demand outweighs supply, prices increase.

Answer 97

Stored energy sources that are estimated to be recoverable with present technology and prices.

Answer 98

Thin wafers of silicon that generate an electrical current when exposed to sunlight.

Answer 99

Extreme form of nationalism that views one's own nationality as superior to that of others.

Answer 100

Practice of forcing members of a minority ethnic group out of a religion in order to create a uniform and united population.

Answer 101

Idea that people of different ethnic backgrounds can, and should blend together to form one common nationality. Example: The United States has a policy based on a belief that all cultural and national differences will beind together under an American culture.

Answer 102

A State is the political term for a country. It must have certain elements such as: - covering an area of land - Has a government that has control over the laws - Must be recognized by other states - Has recognized boundaries "Country" is a geographical term, "state" is political, and "nation" is a cultural term. A nation state has a country that has a strong cultural identity.

Answer 103

1. Position - argue about original agreements that defined boundaries as old maps may have been used with features that are not in dispute. 2. Resource based - Based on resources to that land, normally results from positional disputes and then escalates to resource based. 3. Territorial- Contest the legal right to land based on prior use, control and ownership. 4. Functional

Answer 104

Practice of forcing members of a minority ethnic group out of a religion. Azerbaijan accused Armenia of ethnic cleansing

Answer 105

1. Military power - Spent 40% of the total world amount on military 2. Economic power - countries that export oil have a huge trading advantage as the need for oil increases 3. Diplomatic power - ability to persuade more powerful countries to follow a particular direction. Canada for example, is not a major military power, but it exercises its diplomatic power through the many international organizations of which it is a member.

Answer 106

Reflective quality of the Earth. Light-coloured surfaces such as clouds and glacial caps have a high albedo, while dark surface such as forested land have a low albedo. The amount of solar radiation reflected from an object or surface,

Answer 107

Electrical energy produced using reneable methods that are sustainable and non polluting.

Answer 108

Ability of the atmosphere to hold hear and thus moderate temperatures

Answer 109

Any gas that increases the greenhouse effect, the most common being carbon dioxide and methane.

Answer 110

Temporary ban on an activity, such as the ban on fishing for cod off the east coast of Newfoundland, which was meant to be temporary.

Answer 111

Improvements in the quality of life for people today that will not have a negative impact on the quality of life for future generations

Answer 112

Molecule of oxygen that contains three atoms of oxygen. Highly unstable.

Answer 113

Chemicals that are not natural but have been produced through human technology such as plastics.

Answer 114

Commercial raising of fish in enclosed areas, often called fish farms.

Answer 115

Transition zone between the ocean basin and the continental shelf.

Answer 116

Ridge of limestone that forms in tropical seas from the skeltons of a group of living organisms

Answer 117

Theory that the oceans were so vast that they could dilute wastes dumped into them so that no harm was done.

Answer 118

Part of the ocean within 200 nautical miles of the coastline in which a country has exclusive right to exploit resources.

Answer 119

Agreement between the countries of the world over ownership issues in the oceans.

Answer 120

Deepest part of the ocean, below 3700 metres

Answer 121

Part of the ocean within 12 nautical miles of the coastline. A country has complete jurisdiction over this region, including the right to restrict ships from foreign countries.

Answer 122

1. Ocean Basin - deepest part of the ocean below 3700 metres. Little is known about this area. 2. Continetal Slope - Transitional area between the ocean basin and the continental shelf 3. Continental Shelf - Extensions of continental land masses. 80 percent of all life on earth is mainly on the continental shelf. Environment at greatest risk from human activities.

Answer 123

* Protects shorelines from damage * Provides economic benefits for the fishing and tourist industry * Forms the habitat of 25% of the worlds species of fish Estimated that 60% of cora lreefs may be damaged or lost within 40 years. What is thratening this ecosystem? * Coastal development - transportation and tourism * Overfishing - Dragging nets including damaging fishing methods such as the use of explosives * Inland pollution - chemical pollution from agricultural runoff *

Answer 124

Fishing is a renewable industry if managed properly, however, many o the world's best fishing grounds are being depleted of fish due to overfishing. The fishing industry has become technologically advanced using sea-floor mapping technology, and aircraft spotters. Massive dragnets literally mine the sea floor, scoping up everything in sight. Unfortunately, large amounts of unwanted sea life are absorbed into these nets, sometimes taking in whales and dolphins. - Because of overfishing, an increase in dead zones have been known - areas that are devoid of oxygen and unable to support fish species. For example, the Chesapeake Bay in the US and the Baltic and Black seas. - Reducing nitrogen discharges can restores the seas to health. Other methods include wasting less fertilser, cleaning vehicle exhausts and using forests to soak up excess nitrogen.

Answer 125

- Farm fish commercially- this is called aquaculture. - However, salmon for example, takes 2-5kg of wild fish as feed, to produce one kg of salmon, thus a net loss of fish in the worlds population occurs. - Farmed salmon have been blamed for decrease in the wild salmon in the wild coast of Canada. Farmed salmon are raised in large open nets and are given antiobiotics to control diseases. Since the cages allow water to circulate from the open ocean, pesticides and antibiotics are released into the ocean, killing wild populations.

Answer 126

Urban Growth refers to the increase in the total number of people living in cities. Urbanization refers to the increase in percentage of people in a country living in cities. Ex. population increased from 10 to 12 million = urban growth Percentage of Canadians living in cities went from 75 to 80 percent = urbanization

Answer 127

Globalization refers to an increase in the connections between different parts of the world. In 1964, Marshall McLuhan stated that advances in communication technology would change the way people think about the world. This proved to be true through the invention of computers and the internet where events from the world could be viewed almost instantaneously. People were more aware of the events occurring around them. The world has become more interconneced through cultural means as media has allowed for music, language, film cuisine and fashion to spread globally. Political connections have also increased, specifically following WWII when the United Nations came together along with organizations such as the European Union and the African Union. Economic connections have also had a major impact through the forming of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund - international organizations that regulate finances and encourage trade between countries such as Nafta. Colonialism, for example created a number of problems for newly independent countries as many of these countries were politically unstable due to the boundaries set by European antions not corresponding with the language or culture of the Indigenous. Therefore, tensions between different groups led to violence. Due to this lack of political stability, many countries found it difficult to establish democratic governmens, thus peace was established by a military general who asserted power through a dictaatorship. These leaders were often corrupt, and used the country's resources for personal profit rather than the benefit of the country. Lastly, the economy of the colonies had been structured to produce a limited number of raw materials that were traded for manufactured goods. These price of these raw materials was very low, in comparison to the price of manufactured goods. In order to develop, many of the newly independent nations tried to industrialize. The restructuting of the economy was costly, which casued many of these nations to faill havily into debt. Globalization has led to the establishment of a number of organizations including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The World Bank provides countries with low-interest loans and the IMG, works in conjunction with the World Bank to stabilize a nations currency when an economic crisis strikes. However, seeing as these institutions were created by Westernized nations favouring the economic development based on the Western perspective, they have been heavily criticized for promoting economic theories in style with Western nations rather than the developing countries. Fpr example, in the 1980s neo-liberalism, an economic school of thought came about. They beleived that economics works best when governments do not interefere in the markpetplace and that government ownership of industries should be discouraged as private companies are more efficient. In Ontario, citizens had a choice to elect governments that promoted these policies. The Progressive Conservative Government of Mike Harris was a strong advocate for neo-liberalism. However, in developing countries, there is ofren no choice and in order to obtain loans from the World Bank, they are forced to accept programs based on neo-liberalism principles. Many people have accused the Bretton Woods Instiutions such as World Bank and the IMF of promoting neo-colonialism as their policies tend to benefit Western nations rather than developing countries. Like colonialism, the local population has limited control over their economy since the economic system is controlled by global institutions. Many critics of globalization feel that corportaitons already have too much power. They fear that they are pressuring their governments to sign treaties such as the MAI. Therefore, whenever governments gather to discuss international trade agreements, protests occur. Globalization has also had a positive impact on the world. People in Britain, for example, are able to use Finnish mobile phones, Japanese cameras and drive American cars. South Korea for example, 40 years ago used to be as poor as Ghana, and now it is as rich as Portugal, or even China where over 100 million people have escaped from poverty over the past decade. These countries have one thing in common. Openness to trade. The developing countries that are catching up with the rich ones, are those that are open to trade.

Answer 128

Trade that follows a set of ethical guidelines to ensure human rights and the environment are protected. To be considered fairly traded, a product must meet a number of criteria: 1. A fair and consistent price must be paid for the product 2. The Product must be produced in environmentally sustainble ways 3. Part fo the produce price must be paid in advance so that producers have money during the production period.

Answer 129

Formed n 1970, this organization consists of French speaking nations including Canada, France, Belgium. Its purpose is to promote peace and understanding through cultural exchanges.

Answer 130

Trade not restricted by tariffs; reducing tariffs on imports causes trade to increase.

Answer 131

Country in the colonial system that exerted military and economic authority over other countries.

Answer 132

Trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico. It allows the free passage of goods between the three nations without any tariffs. Its dispute-settlement panel allows corportations to sue governments for unfair treatment.

Answer 133

Organization dedicated to promoting economic growth. The World Bank describes 24 of its 30 members as high-income countries.

Answer 134

Administers agreements negotiated in the GATT talks. It includes a dispute-setlement panel which decides if a country has or has not lived up to the agreement.

Answer 135

Management of resources needed to maintain a household or family.

Answer 136

The human race consists of make and female in approximately equal numbers. Despite their equal numbers, the female gender has not enjoyed an equality of influence and power. Women were not allowed to vote in Canada until 1918, and even oday, women in countries such as Saudi Arabia are still deprived of this right. All over the world, females do not have the same opportunity as men. They have less education, political power, fewer education opportunities and make less economic profit. Even in Canadian society, where women in the 1950's were expected to marry, stay home with their children and abandon their career or personal ambitions, equality for women in all aspects of society continues to be a challenge. Today, the global literacy rate for women is 71 percent and 84 percent for men, this difference is even more prominent in developing countries. It has been suggested that if there were more gender equality in the world, there would be significante economic gains, poverty would be reduced and the quality of life would be improved . Despite being such an advanced country, Canada still faces gender inequality. No country in the world has an equal amount of political representation regarding gender, the global average of female participation in political government is 12 percent. Canada is currently ranked eigth in the global gender equality index, despite being one of the most prosperous countries in the world. In Canada, the gender gap is especially visible in the employment sector. Few top wage earners are women, and women earn approximately 60 percent of what men earn. The large majority of single parents are women, and they are still largely responsible for looking after families and homes. The gender pay gap in Canada is the eighth-largest among OECD countries. Sexual assault and intimate partner violence rates have not decreased. From 2010-2014, 1.8 million Canadians reported that they have experienced one of these forms of violence. Aboriginal females are three times more likely to experience these forms of violence than non-Aboriginal females. In order to eliminate the gender wage gap, policies could be established within businesses where women and men are ensured equal compensations if they possess similar job titles or work ethic which could be monitored monthly through billed hours or work performance. This would help eliminate the "glass ceiling" barrier In terms of recruitment, a female and male recruitment/admissions tutor should be present during interviews and involved in the selection process in order to ensure gender bias is not an issue. Canada should implement legislation definding the minimum number of women that must be elected in government positions Through the implementation of these policies society will be one step closer to achieving gender equality.

Answer 137

Giving priority in hiring to groups that have traditionally been subject to discrimination and inequality.

Answer 138

Describing a family organization in which the oldest male acts as the head of the household.

Answer 139

An idea about the characteristics of a group that does not consider individual differences.

Answer 140

Association of Southeast Asian Nations. A political and economic organization of ten Southeast Asian countries formed in 1967.

Answer 141

Epidemic - Disease outbreak that spreads rapidly through a limited population or region. Pandemic - Epidemic that spreads over much of the world and affects a large percentage of the population.

Answer 142

Organism such as the mosquito that does not cause illness itself but spreads disease from one host to another.

Answer 143

Disease that brings on a fever, headache, dry coughing etc. It spreads quickly and is highly contageous. Since it spreads so quickly and can cause millions of deaths, in a shorter amount of time, it leads to pandemics \*different from epidemic which refers to a more limited population

Answer 144

Eight goals identified by the United Nations as important international priorities to improve the quality of life for everyone.

Answer 145

1. Obtaining adequate nutrion - Severe malnutrition leads to a high infant mortality rate. Those who survive the first 5 years are still at ris kfrom stunted growth and brain damage making the more immune to diseases. 2. Avoiding life-threatening diseases - More than 270million children have no access to health care at all. Lack of proper nutrition leads to a diminishing immune system. HIV, continues to spread among the children of Africa. 3. Finding protection from exploitation and poverty - Approximtely 1.1 billion of the 2.2 billion children in the developing world live in Poverty making it the main reason that children are ewquired to work to help their families survive. This can include life-threatening jobs such as prostitution or selling drugs. 4. Escaping involvement in wars and conflict- 300k children between 5 and 14 were forced to be soliders in armed conflicts in 200. Many of these children have a difficult time adjusting to life outside of war zones and re-integrating in society. 5. Getting an adequate education - The shift to urban areas has made accessibility to schools easier, however,in rural and urban areas, too many children drop out or do not attend as they are supporting their family. The quality of education tends to be poor as the country lacks financial means to pay for qualified teachers. Primary education is the goal in developing countries while developed countries have a secondary school standards.

Answer 146

1. Eraducate extreme poverty and hunger - cut in half 2. Achieve universal education - 2015 all children will achieve primary schooling 3. Promote gender equality and empower women - 4. Reduce child mortality - reduce by 2/3 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS and other diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development

Answer 147

A large cohort of people born in many developed countries between 1946 and 1964

Answer 148

Local culture reaplced with the culture of the visitors. In order to accomodate tourists, locals begin to learn the language of visitors. Traditional jobs and skills are lost as locals move into the better paid hospitality industry. Local foods may change as the diets of the visitors are addocomated.

Answer 149

Money invested in a country that leaks back out as foreign investors take their profits out of the country, or money spent outside of the country to purchase products neede. Examples onclude wages paid to foreing workers that they take home, money spent on recruiting and training foreing and not local staff.

Answer 150

Economic principle that suggests a large-scale development create a ripple effect, causing benefits to trickle down to the poor. Factors such as leakage often prevent this from occurring.

Answer 151

1. Economic conditions - most business travel is related to the strength of global ecnomies. The increasing prosperity in the emerging economies of India an China has had an influence on increased travel to these destinations. 2. Political conditions - following the attacks of the world trade center in 2001, the amount of international travel slowed. 3. Cultural Attractions - Fascination with how other people life. Ex. eiffel tower in paris 4. Demographic Factors - Leisure tourism depends heavily on the availability of discretionary income. 5. Levels of technology - Travel increased over the past 50 years due to improvements in transportation technology. Airplanes and ships become faster, and airports have accomodated more passengers. The internet has made it possible to research destintions online.

Answer 152

Low impact relationship in a natural setting. It is sometimes called green tourism or sustainable tourism.

Answer 153

Government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done with the intent of protecting local businesses and jobs from foreign competition. Typical methods of protectionism are import tariffs, quotas, subsidies or tax cuts to local businesses and direct state intervention.

Answer 154

A compact state is typically small and roundish in shape. Adding to this, a compact state is usually very centralized with its capital area usually in the middle of its territory. I like to remember this simply by thinking of compact as small, as in a little compact car where everyone sort of squishes together in the middle. A great example of a compact state is Poland. Compact States are one of six different shapes for States, and are usually not fully circular. The benefits of these states are that they are easiest to defend (they have the smallest possible perimeter), and they are effective with communication and transportation. Negative possibilities for the state include not having access to the ocean and compact states often fracture ethnic groups.

Answer 155

a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Carbon sinks are natural systems that suck up and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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