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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

The central nervous system

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2
Q

what is included in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the PNS?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

what is included in the PNS?

A

everything outside of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are sensory neurons/nerve cells?

A

cells that gather information and sends that information to the brain

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6
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

neurons that tell the body what to do

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7
Q

what do somatic sensory neurons do?

A

feel for pain and pressure

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8
Q

what do visceral sensory neurons do?

A

they monitor homeostasis in the body

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9
Q

what do visceral sensory neurons monitor in the body?

A

temperature….heart rate…blood pressure…digestion

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10
Q

What do somatic motor neurons do?

A

they control the body

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11
Q

what is an example of a somatic motor neuron?

A

skeletal muscles

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12
Q

what do visceral motor neurons do?

A

release hormones…..make organs function

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13
Q

what is another name for visceral motor neurons?

A

autonomic neurons

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14
Q

what are the parts of the neuron?

A

dendrites, soma, axon, synapse

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15
Q

what do dendrites do?

A

collect electrical signals

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16
Q

what does the soma do?

A

houses the nucleus and holds a negative charge

releases action potential when triggered

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17
Q

what does the axon do?

A

carriers the electrical signal from neuron to neuron

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18
Q

what does the synapse do?

A

converts electrical signals to chemicals

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19
Q

why does the synapse convert electrical signals to chemical signals?

A

to determine the intensity to use

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20
Q

what is the axon hillock?

A

houses the voltage-gated channel that releases action potential to the axon

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21
Q

what are myelinated axons?

A

axons that have Schwan cells that speed up signal conduction in the axon

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22
Q

what are nonmyelinated axons?

A

axons that a little slower at moving the action potential

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23
Q

why are myelinated axons faster than nonmyelinated axons?

A

because myelinated have less sodium channels to open

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24
Q

what are the neuroglial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwan and satellite cells

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25
what do satellite cells do?
provide nutrients to the neuron and protects
26
what are the neuroglial cells of the CNS?
astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, microglial, ependyma
27
what are the two kinds of myelinated neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS
in the PNS Schwan Cells and in the CNS Oligodendrocytes
28
what do astrocytes do?
form a blood-brain barrier and act as a filter for the cerebral spinal fluid
29
what do oligodendrocytes do?
speed up signal in the CNS
30
what do microglial cells do?
clean up dead cell and byproducts
31
what do ependymal cells do?
circulate cerebral spinal fluid
32
what does resting membrane potential mean?
the charge that is found at rest...always negative
33
what does threshold mean
the charge that must be met by local potential to initiate action potential in the axon
34
what does depolarization mean?
this is when the charge in the axon goes from negative to positive
35
what does repolarization mean?
when the charge of the axon goes from positive to ne
36
what is hyperpolarization
when the charge becomes too negative
37
what happens to the threshold when you are hypercalcemic?
it raises the threshold
38
what happens to the threshold when you are hypocalcemic?
it lowers the threshold
39
what are the two kinds of local potentials?
excitatory and inhibitory
40
what charge are excitatory signals?
positive
41
what charge are the inhibitory signals?
negative
42
what happens to the RMP when you are hypokalemia?
lowers RMP
43
what happens to RMP when you are hyperkalemia?
raises RMP
44
what does calcium affect RMP or threshold?
threshold
45
what does Potassium affect RMP or threshold?
RMP
46
what are the three meninges in order from superficial and going deep?
Duramater....arachnoidmater....Piamater
47
where is CSF found?
between the arachnoid mater and the piameter in the subarachnoid space
48
where is meningitis found?
inflammation of the subarachnoid space
49
what is the purpose of the duramater?
provide protection to the brain
50
what is the purpsoe of the arachnoidmater?
creates space for CSF to flow
51
what is the purpose of the piamater?
directly attaches to the brains surface and keeps CSF out of the brain
52
what matter is on the inside of the brain?
white matter
53
what matter is on the outside of the brain?
gray
54
what matter is on the inside of the spine?
gray
55
what matter is on the outside of the spine?
white
56
what is white matter composed of?
axons.....send signals
57
what is gray matter composed of?
cell bodies that receive signals
58
what are the dips in the brain called?
sulcus
59
what are the bumps on the brain called?
gyrus
60
what is the purpose for the brain being bumpy?
allows for more surface area
61
what are projection fibers?
fibers that send signals from spinal cord to brain
62
what are the association fibers?
they send signals within one side of the hemisphere
63
what are commissural fibers?
send signals from one hemisphere to the other
64
what is the frontal lobe used for?
personality....judgement....logic.......motor function....eye movement...brocas area
65
what are the two parts neccesary for motor function in the brain?
premotor cortex primary motorcortex
66
what does the premotorcortex do?
it determines what muscles to move and how many fibers
67
what does the primary motorcortex do?
tells the body
68
what happens if the brocas area is damaged?
you get aphasia which causes slow or impaired speech....no change in comprehension
69
what does the parietal lobe do?
sensing things...contains association area and sensory area
70
what does the association area of the parietal lobe do?
gets senses from the primary sensory and figues out what those senses mean
71
what is the primary sensory area of the parietal lobe do?
it gets signals from the outside world
72
what are the two syndromes you get from damage to the parietal lobe?
CL neglect
73
what is CL neglect?
when you ignore half of your senses on your body
74
what happens if you damage wernekies area?
you get aphasia that is incomprehensible words...word salad
75
what is the purpose of the occipital lobe?
the visual areal
76
what happens if you damage the occipital lobe?
illusions...hallucinations...blurred vision
77
what does the temporal lobe do?
hearing memory....faces..objects
78
what is it called when you can not remember faces?
prosopagnosia
79
what is it called when you can not remember objects?
agnosia
80
what are the three parts of the limbic system
amygdala....hippocampus...basal nuclei
81
what does the amygdala do?
gratification....what we dont like
82
what does the hippocampus do?
memory
83
what happens if you damage the hippocampus?
you get amnesia
84
what are the two kinds of amnesia
intrograde and retrograd amnesia
85
what doe retrograde amensia mean?
past memories are gone
86
what deos intrograde amnesia mena?
you cant remember new things
87
what does basal nuclei do?
start and stops movement
88
what are the two parts of the diancephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
89
what does the thalamus do?
sorts information into the cortex
90
what does the hypothalamus?`
controls endocrine system...hunger and thirst
91
what are the parts of the brain stem?
midbrian, pons, medulla oblangoda
92
what does the midbrain do?
startle reflex
93
what does the pons do?
sleep and wake cycle...circadian rhythm
94
what does the medulla oblongata do?
cardiovascular control...sensory imput except for smell

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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