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AUC Molecules to Medicine > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

New, uncontrolled growth

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2
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered growth with atypia

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3
Q

Hamartoma

A

Wrong tissue, right place. Benign mass

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4
Q

Choristoma

A

Right tissue, wrong place. Benign mass

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5
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Cells vary in shapes and are not uniform

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6
Q

Hyperchromasia

A

Darkly staining chromatin (clumping)

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7
Q

Anaplasia

A

Lack of differentiation between cells

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8
Q

Ten Hallmarks of Cancer

A

Irrigateds (Invasion/metastasis, replicative immortality, resisting death, inducing angiogenesis, genomic instability, avoids immune destruction, tumor promoting inflammation, evades growth suppressors, deregulates energetics, sustains proliferation signals)

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9
Q

Desmin Stain

A

Views Muscle

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10
Q

S100 Stain

A

Views nerves

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11
Q

CD31 stain

A

Views Blood Vessels

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12
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of glandular tissue

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13
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Characterized by keratin pearls/whirls. Very pink

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14
Q

Breast Cancer

A

Carcinoma, most common cancer among women

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15
Q

Anaplastic Tumor

A

A tumor that lacks differentiation, obscuring origin. Often malignant and aggressive with a poor prognosis

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16
Q

Lymph Channel Spread of Neoplasms

A

Most often by carcinomas. Renal cell, Hepatocellular, Follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, and choriocarcinoma are the most common types.

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17
Q

Tumor Grading

A

How differentiated is the tumor?

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18
Q

Tumor Staging

A

How far spread is the tumor?

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19
Q

Proto-oncogene carcinogenesis

A

Growth-promoting mutation, gain of function

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20
Q

Tumor suppressor gene carcinogenesis

A

Growth-inhibiting mutation. Loss of function

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21
Q

Apoptotic Carcinogenesis

A

Mutation in genes that regulate cell death. Can be gain of function or loss of function.

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22
Q

DNA Repair Carcinogenesis

A

Genomic instability mutation, increases likelihood of all mutations. Loss of function

23
Q

ERBB1

A

Can cause breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, stomach cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer when turned on non-stop. Mutation of ERBB1 causes lung adenocarcinoma

24
Q

Her2Neu/ERBB2

A

Can cause breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, stomach, ovarian, and uterine cancer with a bad prognosis in breast cancer when turned on non-stop

25
Q

FGFR

A

Mutation causes breast, lung, brain, stomach, and more cancers

26
Q

RET receptor

A

MEN 2A and MEN 2B, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

27
Q

Cyclin B

A

Binds to CDK 1 to progress the cell from G2 to M phase

28
Q

Cyclin D

A

Binds to CDK 4/6 to progress the cell from G1 to the restriction point

29
Q

Cyclin E

A

Binds to CDK 2 to progress the cell from G1 to S phase

30
Q

Cyclin A

A

Binds to CDK 2 to progress the cell from S to G2 phase

31
Q

KRAS

A

Mutations call 90% of all pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 50% of all colon, endometrial, and thyroid cancers

32
Q

RAF/BRAF

A

Mutations cause hairy cell leukemia and melanoma

33
Q

PI3K

A

Mutations cause breast carcinoma

34
Q

PTEN

A

A suppressor which causes endometrial carcinoma when mutated

35
Q

MYC

A

Amplified in many cancers

36
Q

C-MYC

A

Activated by chromosomal a translocation in Burkitt’s lymphoma

37
Q

N-MYC

A

Amplified in neuroblastoma

38
Q

Philadelphia Chromosome

A

CML — BCR-ABL1 fusión gene from a 9:22 translocation. Creates a fusion gene with continuous activation of intracellular tyrosine kinase.

39
Q

Burkitt Lymphoma

A

8:14 c-MYC translocation, causes lymphocyte proliferation and has amplification

40
Q

Follicular Lymphoma

A

14:18 Bcl-2 (anti-apoptosis) Translocation causing overexpression

41
Q

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

A

15:17 PML- RAR alpha, a transcription factor translocation

42
Q

Synovial Sarcoma

A

X:18 SYT-SSX Translocation

43
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A

X:17 Xp11 translocation

44
Q

Ewing Sarcoma

A

11:22 EWS-FLI1 (transcription factor) translocation

45
Q

P53

A

A gene whose expression induces apoptosis

46
Q

RB

A

A gene whose expression stops progression through G1-S checkpoint

47
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

Cancer almost exclusively in children <5 yo. Detected by white reflex. Caused by mutations in the RB gene, deactivating it and causing E2F to be over expressed.

48
Q

MDM2

A

A gene which keys p53 levels low in any given cell. Overexpression prevents p53 from inducing apoptosis

49
Q

APC

A

Polyubiquinates Beta-catenin in colon. Mutation causes increased levels of Beta-catenin, which in turn causes increased transcription of c-MYC and leads to colon polyps and cancer.

50
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

Tumor suppressor genes implicated in breast cancer.

51
Q

NF1

A

Tumor suppressor gene that normally inactivated RAS proto-oncogene. Mutation causes dysfunctional NF1, hyperactive RAS, and tumor formation leading to Neurofibromatosis.

52
Q

Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL

A

Sequesters pro-apoptotic proteins to encourage cell proliferation. P53 binds these proteins and releases the pro-apoptotic proteins

53
Q

Bax and Bak

A

Pro-apoptotic proteins typically sequestered by Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Released by P53.

54
Q

HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome)

A

Autosomal dominant, most common cause of hereditary colon cancer. Defect in DNA mismatch repair genes, causing micro satellite instability.

AUC Molecules to Medicine (1 decks)

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