Exam 4 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Hyper-
A
excessive
2
Q
Hypo-
A
deficit
3
Q
peri-
A
around
4
Q
-genesis
A
forming, producing; origin
5
Q
-osis
A
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
6
Q
-rrhaphy
A
suture
7
Q
-malacia
A
softening
8
Q
-emia
A
blood condition
9
Q
-oma
A
tumor
10
Q
-tomy
A
incision
11
Q
-esthesia
A
feeling
12
Q
-lepsy
A
seizure
13
Q
Andr/o
A
male
14
Q
Crin/o
A
secrete
15
Q
Dips/o
A
thirst
16
Q
Kines/o
A
movement
feeling
nervous sensation
17
Q
Tax/o
A
order, coordination
18
Q
Dislocation
A
An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position.
19
Q
Herniation
A
A herniated disk occurs when a portion of the nucleus pushes through a crack in the annulus
to protrude through an abnormal body opening : rupture herniated intravertebral disks.
20
Q
Sprain
A
wrench or twist the ligaments of (an ankle, wrist, or other joint) violently so as to cause pain and swelling but not dislocation.
21
Q
Fractures
A
A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone
22
Q
Greenstick
A
A greenstick fracture is a type of broken bone. A bone cracks on one side only, not all the way through the bone. It is called a “greenstick” fracture because it can look like a branch that has broken and splintered on one side.
23
Q
Compound
A
An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is a fracture in which there is an open wound or break in the skin near the site of the broken bone. Most often, this wound is caused by a fragment of bone breaking through the skin at the moment of the injury.
24
Q
Closed
A
Closed fracture (also called simple fracture). The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.
25
Colles
A Colles fracture is a break in the radius close to the wris
26
Oxytocin
a hormone released by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts.
27
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalography is a method to record an electrogram of the electrical activity on the scalp that has been shown to represent the macroscopic activity of the surface layer of the brain underneath. It is typically non-invasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp.
28
ENT – Ear, nose, throat
An otolaryngologist is often called an ear, nose, and throat doctor, or an ENT for short.
29
Pronation
Pronation is a natural movement of the foot that occurs during foot landing while running or walking. Composed of three cardinal plane components: subtalar eversion, ankle dorsiflexion, and forefoot abduction, these three distinct motions of the foot occur simultaneously during the pronation phase.
30
Xiphoid process
the cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, breastbone, which is not attached to any ribs, and gradually ossifies during adult life.
31
Calcaneus
the large bone forming the heel. It articulates with the cuboid bone of the foot and the talus bone of the ankle, and the Achilles tendon (or tendo calcaneus ) is attached to it.
32
Vertebra
each of the series of small bones forming the backbone, having several projections for articulation and muscle attachment, and a hole through which the spinal cord passes.
33
Cervical
The cervical vertebrae are the seven cylindrical bones, or vertebral bodies (C1-C7), that provide support and structure for the cervical spine. ... The segments in the cervical spine contain openings in each vertebral body for arteries to carry blood to the brain(vertebral foramen).
34
Thoracic
Thoracic vertebrae are the twelve vertebral segments (T1-T12) that make up the thoracic spine. These structures have very little motion because they are firmly attached to the ribs and sternum (breastbone).
35
Lumbar
The lumbar vertebrae consist of five individual cylindrical bones that form the spine in the lower back. These vertebrae carry all of the upper body's weight while providing flexibility and movement to the trunk region. They also protect the delicate spinal cord and nerves within their vertebral canal.
36
Synovial cavity
The synovial cavity/joint is filled with synovial fluid. The joint capsule is made up of an outer layer, the articular capsule, which keeps the bones together structurally, and an inner layer, the synovial membrane, which seals in the synovial fluid.
37
Ligament
A ligament is the fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones.
38
Tendon
A tendon is a cord of strong, flexible tissue, similar to a rope. Tendons connect your muscles to your bones. Tendons let us move our limbs. They also help prevent muscle injury by absorbing some of the impact your muscles take when you run, jump or do other movements.
39
Bursa
A bursa is a tiny, slippery sac of fluid that provides a cushion and reduces friction between the surfaces of a bone and soft tissue.
40
Humerus
The humerus is the arm bone between your shoulder and your elbow.
41
Ulna radius
The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm. The forearm is the region of the upper limb that extends from the elbow to the wrist.
42
Clavicle
The clavicle is the bone that connects the breastplate (sternum) to the shoulder. It is a very solid bone that has a slight S-shape and can be easily seen in many people. It connects to the sternum at a joint with cartilage called the sternoclavicular joint.
43
Femur
femur, also called thighbone, upper bone of the leg or hind leg. ... In humans the neck of the femur connects the shaft and head at a 125° angle, which is efficient for walking.
44
Patella
The patella is a small bone located in front of the knee joint — where the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) meet. It protects the knee and connects the muscles in the front of the thigh to the tibia.
45
Tibia
the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle (or the equivalent joints in other terrestrial vertebrates), parallel with the fibula.
46
Fibula
The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones.
47
Sternum
Your sternum is a bone that's located in the middle of your chest. It's also sometimes referred to as the breastbone. Your sternum protects the organs of your torso from injury and also serves as a connection point for other bones and muscles.
48
Coccyx
The coccyx is a triangular arrangement of bone that makes up the very bottom portion of the spine below the sacrum. It represents a vestigial tail, hence the common term tailbone.
49
Scapula
The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a large triangular-shaped bone that lies in the upper back.
50
Dendrite
Dendrites are appendages that are designed to receive communications from other cells. They resemble a tree-like structure, forming projections that become stimulated by other neurons and conduct the electrochemical charge to the cell body (or, more rarely, directly to the axons).
51
Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure.
52
Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands, also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys. Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
53
Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of each kidney. When released into the bloodstream, cortisol can act on many different parts of the body and can help: the body respond to stress or danger. increase the body's metabolism of glucose. control blood pressure.
54
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone created by your pancreas that controls the amount of glucose in your bloodstream at any given moment.
55
The glands of the endocrine system
```
hypothalamus.
pituitary.
thyroid.
parathyroids.
adrenals.
pineal body.
the ovaries.
the testes.
```
56
Osteoarthritis
A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.
The wearing down of the protective tissue at the ends of bones (cartilage) occurs gradually and worsens over time.
57
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic inflammatory disorder affecting many joints, including those in the hands and feet.
In rheumatoid arthritis, the body's immune system attacks its own tissue, including joints. In severe cases, it attacks internal organs.
58
Osteoporosis
A condition in which bones become weak and brittle.
The body constantly absorbs and replaces bone tissue. With osteoporosis, new bone creation doesn't keep up with old bone removal.
59
Gouty arthritis
A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints.
Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints.
60
Kyphosis
A forward rounding of the back.
Hunchback (kyphosis) usually refers to an abnormally curved spine. It's most common in older women and often related to osteoporosis.
61
Scoliosis
A sideways curvature of the spine.
| Scoliosis occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty.
62
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain, often due to infection.
| The infection may be bacterial or viral. In some cases, encephalitis may be the result of an immune system disorder.
63
Aphasia
loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.
64
Hydrocephalus
A build-up of fluid in the cavities deep within the brain.
| The extra fluid puts pressure on the brain and can cause brain damage. It's most common in infants and older adults.
65
Spina Bifida
A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly.
It occurs when a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop or close properly while in the womb.
66
Alzheimer disease
A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.
Brain cell connections and the cells themselves degenerate and die, eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions
67
Huntington disease
An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time.
It typically starts in a person's 30s or 40s.
68
Epilepsy
A disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures.
Epilepsy may occur as a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke.
69
Multiple sclerosis
A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.
In MS, resulting nerve damage disrupts communication between the brain and the body.
70
Myasthenia gravis
A weakness and rapid fatigue of muscles under voluntary control.
The condition is caused by a breakdown in communication between nerves and muscles.
71
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
A brief stroke-like attack that, despite resolving within minutes to hours, still requires immediate medical attention to distinguish from an actual stroke.
A transient ischemic attack may be a warning sign of a future stroke.
72
Cephalgia
headache
| A painful sensation in any part of the head, ranging from sharp to dull, that may occur with other symptoms.
73
Sciatica
Pain radiating along the sciatic nerve, which runs down one or both legs from the lower back.
It's usually caused when a herniated disk or bone spur in the spine presses on the nerve.
74
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig’s
A nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impacts physical function.
In this disease, nerve cells break down, which reduces functionality in the muscles they supply. The cause is unknown.
75
Parkinson disease
A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop, leading to the symptoms of Parkinson's.
76
Grave’s disease
An immune system disorder of the butterfly-shaped gland in the throat (thyroid).
The thyroid overproduces hormones. The condition is more common in women under age 40.
77
Cushing’s syndrome
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, but it can also occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
78
Addison disease
A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones.
Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone, too. When the body is under stress (e.g. fighting an infection), this deficiency of cortisol can result in a life threatening Addisonian crisis characterized by low blood pressure.
79
Vertigo
A sudden internal or external spinning sensation, often triggered by moving your head too quickly.
80
Pulmonologist
A pulmonologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases of the respiratory system -- the lungs and other organs that help you breathe.
81
Cardiologist
Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in treating conditions in the heart and blood vessels.
82
Rheumatologist
A rheumatologist is a doctor of internal medicine who specializes in arthritis and other musculoskeletal conditions and systemic autoimmune ...
83
Chiropractor
Chiropractic is a healthcare profession that cares for a patient's neuromusculoskeletal system — the bones, nerves, muscles, tendons
84
Orthopedist
Orthopedists are specialists in the musculoskeletal system, including the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and connective tissues. These specialists are trained in diagnosing and treating bone and joint disease and injuries, which may involve orthopedic surgery.
85
Pineal
The main function of the pineal gland is to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.
86
hypothalamus
The thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), somatostatin, and dopamine are released from the hypothalamus into the blood and travel to the anterior pituitary.
