Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exercise Physiology > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

adolescence is defined as age:

international conference on physical activity guidelines for adolescence)

A

11-21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ASCM children and adolescents range

A

6-19

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

after _____ physiological changes are equal for adolescence and adults

A

puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physical activity in preadolescents

A

normally short-term and intermittent
various intensity
More time spent in high intensity than any other age group
recreational in type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

VO2 expressed as l/min is ____ in children than adults

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

VO2 expressed as kg/l/min is ____ in children and adults

A

is similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

after puberty (12 years) what happens to VO2 in males and females

A

males continue to increase in VO2 max while females after this age plateau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

oxygen cost of movement ____ in preadolescents because economy is _____

A

greater, lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is movement economy lower in children

A

greater reliance of stride frequency than stride length with running
differences in body mechanics
no difference with cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Improvement in ________ contributes to improved endurance performance during adolescence

A

movement economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

due to lower economy, the VO2 at any absolute submaximal workload is _____ % _____

A

10-30% greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heat Production/kg body mass is ____ in children when children and adults are working at the same absolute workload

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaerobic capacity is ____ in young children compared to older children and adults

A

lower

decreased ability to perform intense anaerobic activity (like wingate test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the related difference in rate of utilization of ATP or CP concentrations
in children versus adults

A

there is no difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why is anaerobic capacity in youth decreased

A

decreased rate of utilization of muscle glycogen= lower PFK activity
lower rate of lactate production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is lower in children during maximal exercise and submaximal exercise

A

lactate levels – which might be why children report a lower RPE to a given workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

child reach steady-state ____ than adults

A

faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

children have greater capacity to recover due to

A

less dependence on anaerobic mechanisms and less development of metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiopulmonary Responses to exercise in children at maximum exercise

A

CO is lower
HR is higher and SV is lower
a-vO2 difference is similar
VE is increased due to increased frequency (less efficient ventilatory response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiopulmonary responses to exercise in children at submax exercise

A

CO is somewhat lower at a given VO2
At any % of VO2max, children have a higher HR
a-vO2 difference is somewhat higher
Less efficient ventilatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what contributes to less efficient ventilatory response (VE to VO2 ratio is higher)

A

children depend more on increasing frequency than tidal volume to increase VE
Does NOT affect alveolar respiration but does result in a greater oxygen cost of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ in the heat is not compromised in preadolescent children

A

performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

at any absolute exercise intensity, the metabolic heat load is ____ in children

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

at a relative workload, metabolic heat load is _____ in children

A

equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

children have ____ convective heat loss than adults due to high ______ to body mass ratio

A

greater, surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the surrogate marker for skin convective hear loss

A

increased skin blood flow rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

skin blood flow rate is ____ in the prepubertal group compared to post pubertal group

A

highest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Children have a _____ sweat rate per skin area

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

there is a larger sweat rate difference from child to adult in what sex?

A

males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do we know about sweat and children

A

they have more active sweat glands but less sweat is produced
core temperature when sweating begins is higher
the sweat is more hypotonic - lower osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

exercise testing is not indicated for children or adolescents unless ____

A

there is a health concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what numerical RPE scale do you use for children and adolescents

A

0-10 scale

children may need several practice trials before being capable of reproducing a given exercise intensity using RPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

disadvantages of cycle ergometry for children

A

requires greater attention span bc it is self-directed

more likely to be limited by local fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

treadmill testing in children

A

typically, adjust grade while leaving speed constant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Frequency Recommendations for Preadolescents and Adolescents

A

Daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Intensity Recommendations for Preadolescents and Adolescents

A

most should be moderate-to-vigorous; include vigorous at least 3x/week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Time Recommendations for Preadolescents and Adolescents

A

≥ 60 min of accumulated activity/day (the 60+ includes muscle strengthening activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Type Recommendations for Preadolescents and Adolescents

A

enjoyable and developmentally appropriate physical activity

monitored and supervision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does muscle strengthening consist of for children

A

could be typical resistance training, playground equipment, climbing trees and tug of war contests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

bone strengthening activities

A

moderate-to-high impact loading or muscle force production

running, jump rope, tennis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

strength training recommendations for children

A

avoid maximum and and explosive lifts
SUPERVISON
no less than 8 RM
use moderate intensity (60-80%) 1-RM or 8-15 RM to moderate fatigue with good form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

at what age is there a substantial decline in physical activity

A

middle school and then high school really drops off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

who should provide physical activity for children?

A

parents/guardians and family members that are active role models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

effects of strength training in younger children

A

voluntary muscular strength
endurance
there are minimal injury rates as long as it is appropriately administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

a process or group of processes occurring in living organisms that with the passage of time, lead to a loss of adaptability, functional impairment and eventually death

A

aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Basic ADL

A 
personal hygiene
dressing
transfers 
ambulation 
bladder/bowel management
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

IADL

A 
important for community living 
taking medications 
care for living space 
manage finances 
use technology 
shopping for basic needs 
preparing meals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

physically elite older adult

A

sports competition
senior olympics
high risk/power sports like hang gliding and weight lifting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

physically fit older adult

A

moderate physical work
all endurance sports and games
most hobbies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

physically independent

A

very light physical work
hobbies like walking and gardening
low physical demand activities like golf, driving, crafts and traveling
can pass all IADL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

physically frail

A

light housekeeping
food prep
grocery shopping
can pass some IADL and all ADLs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

physically dependent

A

cannot pass some or all BADL

needs home or institutional care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what physiological effects increase with aging

A 
TPR, MAP and cardiac overload 
work of breathing
risk of fracture due to osteoporosis 
risk of diabetes and heart disease 
disease risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is important to maintain to avoid falls

A

neuromuscular control

muscular strength and most important muscular POWER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Loss of neuromuscular/coordination is from

A

decrease in number size of neurons, conduction velocity, maximum frequency
increase muscle excitability threshold
decreased proprioceptive and vestibular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

consequence of decreased neuromuscular control/coordination

A 
slower reaction times 
central processing affected 
less precise movement control
balance abnormalities (falls)
decreased strength/cognitive function/increased medicine use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Sarcopenia definition

A

loss of muscle mass with aging, contributes to decreases in muscular strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

strength loss can lead to ____ mobility and ______ risk of falling

A

limited mobility and increased risk of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

why does mm mass decrease with age

A

fall in number of muscle fibers
denervation leads to degeneration of muscle fibers
decreased contractile protein with less activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

up to what age does number of muscle fibers not really change

A

age 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

by what age, do you have about 50% mm fibers than when you were younger and peak active

A

80 y.o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what decreases first, mm mass or strength

A

strength; you lose neural adaptation

decreased cross bridges kinetics slows contractile velocity and thus isokinetic force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

atrophy occurs when activity levels are ___ because…

A

low because there is a reduction in contractile protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

effects of resistance training in older individuals

A

increase strength (neural and increase mm mass)
training effect can occur even in ages >75
substantial gains can even be seen in frail individuals
maintain or increase muscular strength/endurance and flexibility
maintain or regain mobility
decrease fall risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

neuromuscular benefits for resistance training in older adults

A 
increased mobility 
increased motor unit integrity 
increased balance 
fiber type shift from IIx to IIa 
increased strength 
increased power
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Resistance Training Recommendations for healthy older adults - Frequency

A

2-3 sessions/week

48 hour separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Resistance Training Recommendations for healthy older adults - Intensity

A

between moderate and vigorous
5-8/10
start with 40-50% of 1RM
progress to 60-80% 1RM (moderate to vigorous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Resistance Training Recommendations for healthy older adults - Type

A

8-10 exercises ≥ 1 set of 10-15 reps

stair-climbing, using all major muscle grpups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

power weight training for older individuals

A

light to moderate intensity (30-60% of 1RM) for 6-10 reps with high velocity- as fast as you can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

neuromotor exercises for older individuals

A

integration of balance, strength, endurance and/or flexibility work
reduce risk of fall-related injury in older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

when older adults exercise there should be a high degree of ______ and _______

A

supervision and training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what accelerates the age-related fall in VO2 max

A

reducing habitual physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

large muscle performance in relatively well-maintained until what age (on average)

A

60-70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

functional capacity loss is accelerated by

A

co-morbidities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

reductions in physical function after 60 are from

A

declining intrinsic physiologic task capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

age-related reductions in large muscle endurance performance is due to reductions in ____

A

VO2max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

with age, deconditioning and disease what happens to CO reserve capacity

A

reserve capacity decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

cardiovascular changes with age at MAXIMAL EXERCISE

A 
decreased oxygen consumption 
decreased CO 
decreased SV 
decreased HR 
decreased a-vO2 difference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

cardiovascular changes with aging during Submaximal ABSOLUTE

A 
somewhat lower CO and SV 
Same VO2 (assuming economy hasn't changed)
Same HR 
wider (increased) a-vo2 difference 
increased BP 
Increased TPR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

max stroke volume increases with training in older ____-

A

men, not women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

muscle adaptations to training with aging

A

increased oxygen extraction
increased VO2 max
increased capillary density and oxidative capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what explains the increase in VO2 max in older trained women

A

increased oxygen extraction at the muscle tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

older individuals can decrease their resting ____ and ____ with training

A

HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

why is there increased residual volume in older individuals

A

there is decrease in FORCED VITAL CAPACITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

what happens to alveoli with aging

A

loss of alveoli and increased size of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

aging and breathing

A

aging increases the work of breathing due to increased airflow resistance and chest wall stiffness
work of breathing may increase to 15% of Vo2max when it is normally 8-11%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

with loss of alveoli but increased alveolar size, the result is

A

decrease FVC and increased residual volume
air trapping
emphysemic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

max ventilatory capacity ___ with aging

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

the VE/VO2 ______ in older individuals

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

aerobic exercises guidelines for older adults

A

similar to standard guidelines
moderate intensity =5-6/10
vigorous intensity=7-8/10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

prescribing exercise for healthy older adults : Intensity

A

5-6 moderate (40-60% HRR) and 7-8 (60-89% HRR) for vigorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

prescribing exercise for healthy older adults: Frequency

A

min 5d/week at moderate; or 3 days for vigorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

prescribing exercise for healthy older adults: time

A

moderate: 150-300 min/week
Vigorous: 75-100 min/week or combination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

prescribing exercise for healthy older adults : type

A

may need to substitute for non-WB exercises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

prescribing exercise for healthy older adults: progression

A

slow progression; emphasizing increased duration rather than intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

ability to maintain high levels of training _____ with aging

A

decreases - motivation, time, injury and intrinsic drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

average loss of ___% VO2 max per decade after after of 25

A

10%

acceleration after age 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

rate of decline in absolute VO2max is _____ in endurance trained individuals compared to non-endurance trained

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

overweight definition

A

a body mass greater than some standard, which usually is an average weight for a given stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

overfat definition

A

defined as body fat greater than a standard for sex and age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

storage fat

A

accumulation of lipid in adipocytes
nutritional reserve
found in subcutaneous and visceral (intraperitoneal) depots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

essential fat % in males

A

3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

essential fat % in females

A

12%

INCLUDES SEX-SPECIFIC FAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

essential fat =

A

bone marrow stores and stores in the viscera and nerves (necessary for normal physiologic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

LBM

A

includes essential fat, muscle, water, bone and minerals

106
Q

FFM

A

all lipid contributions are excluded

107
Q

desirable BMI for men and women

A

20-24.9 kg/m2

108
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-29.9

109
Q

Grade 2 obesity BMI

A

30-40

110
Q

Grade 3 obesity BMI (morbid obesity)

A

> 40

111
Q

BMI above _____ increases mortality (high risk)

A

35

112
Q

average %fat men

A

12-15%

113
Q

average % fat women

A

25-28%

114
Q

which body composition methods use body density from body volume and mass

A

Hydrostatic weighing and skin folds and technically air-displacement because it measures body volume

115
Q

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) calculates

A

total body water

116
Q

body density =

A

body mass/body volume

117
Q

what equations use body density to calculate body fat %

A

siri

brozek

118
Q

Dexa scan uses which component of body composition

A

Modified 2-component model

119
Q

component model of body comp

A

FFM (63%)
bone mineral density (7%)
Fat mass (30%)

120
Q

2-component model of body comp

A 
FFM (70%)
Fat mass (30%)
121
Q

3-component model of body comp

A 
LBM (70%)
essential fat (4%)
Storage fat (26%)
122
Q

if you don’t account for air in the lungs and GI tract you will _______ body fat %

A

overpredict

123
Q

what is the theoretical minimal limit of accuracy

A

body fat % +/- 2.0% fat units of the true value

124
Q

advantages of Hydrostatic Weighing

A

reproducible
highly accurate
valid for many populations

125
Q

disadvantages of Hydrostatic Weighing

A

the best accuracy occurs in highly technical and experienced labs
equipment is bulky and can’t be moved
methodological concerns in predicting residual lung volume
accuracy of the weighing procedure is tricky
subject needs to cooperate

126
Q

predictive accuracy of skinfold thickness

A

+/- 3.5% assuming that proper training and technique are used

127
Q

skinfold thickness predicts total body fatness from ____

A

subcutaneous fat

128
Q

what is the constant tension on the skinfold caliper

A

10 g/mm2

129
Q

sites for skinfolds

A

normally 4-5 sites measured

triceps, subscap, suprailiac, abdominal, thigh and chest

130
Q

what variables mostly contribute of error of measurement in skinfold testing

A

the investigators technique and experience

131
Q

what are the generalized equations for skinfold testing

A

jackson and pollock

132
Q

for obese populations ______ measurements are better for prediction of body fat

A

circumference

133
Q

advantages of skinfold testing

A

inexpensive and quick
good for following changes in body comp
fairly reproducible and accurate with experience

134
Q

disadvantages of skinfolds

A

population specificity in prediction equations can lead to error
error highly dependent on investigator technique
caliper used should be the same model as used in the prediction equation

135
Q

electrical current is slow through _____

A

fat

136
Q

why is there better conduction or flow through FFM

A

greater electrolyte concentraion

137
Q

accuracy of BIA is better for

A

long-term changes and patients who are not super obese

138
Q

accuracy of BIA is _____ to skinfold technique and varies from _____ to ____

A

equivalent, +/- 1.8 to 6%

139
Q

standard recommendations for BIA

A 
dry skin 
no eating/drinks w/n 4 hours 
no exercise w/n 12 hours 
no alcohol w/n 48 hours 
void before the assessment 
can't be on diuretics
140
Q

what do the standard recommendations for BIA do

A

maintain normal hydration, plasma osmolality and body fluid distribution through compartments

141
Q

near-infrared interactance measures

A

the amount of light absorption vs reflection

not accurate often > +/- 4% body fat units

142
Q

advantages of Bod-Pod vs. underwater weighing

A

fast (5 min)
various pt population
there is a smaller unit for infants up to 17lbs
mobile
good compliance - don’t need to maximally exhale
less training required for the operator

143
Q

sources of error in body comp assessment

A

error of measurement
error in underlying assumptions
experimental conditions
density of FFM is not necessarily constant among populations

144
Q

obesity definition

A

excess accumulation of fat
a heterogenous disorder in which the final common pathway is chronic energy imbalance
energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

145
Q

which group of people are less obese

A

non-hispanic asian adults and youth

146
Q

obesity increases the incidence of

A 
coronary heart disease 
gallbladder stones (cholelithiasis) 
hypertension, stroke 
cancer - breast, colon, kidney and endometrial
osteoarthritis 
type II diabetes/glucose intolerance 
infertility
147
Q

if you are obese and you ______ there is a 2x increase risk of death

A

smoke

148
Q

what BMI causes reduction in survival by 2-4 years

A

30-35

149
Q

survival is reduced by 8-10 years with a BMI of

A

40-45

150
Q

what accounts for the excess mortality with LOW BMI

A

smoking

151
Q

what is a good BMI when risk of death is the lowest

A

22-25

152
Q

even if weight stays in a healthy range, increasing body weight of >10 lbs since your 20’s will

A

increase risk of developing obesity related disease like Type II diabetes, cholelithiasis
HTN and CHD

153
Q

increased health risk if your fat is stored

A

in the viscera, over the abdomen

154
Q

high health risk for young men when waist to hip ratio is >

A

0.95

155
Q

high health risk for young women when waist to hip ratio is >

A

0.86

156
Q

men high risk waist circumference

A

100-120 cm (39.5-47”)

157
Q

very high risk men waist circumference

A

> 120 (>47”)

158
Q

high risk waist circumference for women

A

90-109 cm (35.5-43”)

159
Q

very high risk waist circumference for women

A

> 110 (43.5”)

160
Q

high visceral fat is associated with

A

high cholesterol (LDL with low HDL)
high plasma insulin and insulin resistance
atherosclerosis, HTN, left ventricular hypertrophy
risk for endometrial and colorectal cancer

161
Q

no matter the category of BMI, elevated __________ is associated with higher risk of mortality

A

waist girth

162
Q

how man kcal = 1 lb of fat

A

3500 kcal

163
Q

factors that affect energy expenditure

A

resting metabolic rate
dietary thermogenesis
physical activity (increasing BMR)

164
Q

factors that affect energy intake

A

total daily calories
composition of the diet
behavior and environmental factors like timing of eating

165
Q

genetics contribute ____% to body fat

A

25%

166
Q

cultural (environmental factors) contribute ____% to body fat

A

30%

167
Q

what does environmental factors of energy intake mean

A

density, availability and palatability

like higher fat, highly energy-dense diets increase the prevalence of obesity

168
Q

scientifically what has a high correlation with obesity in children

A

TV watching

169
Q

food intake has _____ over the years and physical inactivity has ______

A

decreased, increased

170
Q

an extra _____ kcal can be spent if obese individuals matched the NEAT of lean folks

A

350

171
Q

PA can aid in weight control by

A

improving the matching of food intake to expenditure

and raising energy expenditure

172
Q

sustained weight loss of ______% is likely to improve health related factors like triglycerides, blood glucose, HbA1c and risk of T2DM

A

3-5%

173
Q

how much PA to promote weight loss

A

300-500 kcal/day (1000-2000) kcal per week
150min/week of moderate but best results with 300 min/week or >2000 kcal/wk
start with moderate activity and progress to vigorous
intermittent activity is okay - may promote greater daily volume

174
Q

to prevent weight gain PA should be

A

progressed to 250-300 min/week or 50-60min for 5d/wk at moderate to vigorous intensity
60-90 min per day might be neccessary
intermittent is okay

175
Q

what is needed to keep weight off after you lose

A

Exercise and Diet

176
Q

benefits of resistance training

A

improve mm endurance and strength
increase HDL, lower LDL and decrease triglycerides
improve insulin sensitivity and glucose intolerance
reduce blood pressure

177
Q

resistance training and weight loss

A

resistance training increases FFM so it doesn’t show weight loss as much but it is still important
combined with aerobic training is where you will increase fat loss

178
Q

only obese individuals will see a decrease in relative risk for _____ if they lower their BMI

A

CVD mortality and all cause mortality

179
Q

what disorders make up the female athlete triad

A

disordered eating
amenorrhea
osteoporosis

180
Q

updated position of female athlete triad

A

relationships among energy availability and menstrual function and BMD that may have clinical manifestations including eating disorders, functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and osteoporosis

181
Q

undernourished male athletes can have

A

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and impaired bone health

182
Q

Risk factors for female athlete triad

A

high elite athlete
family history of disordered eating
perceived lack of control
pressure from coaches, parents, school, society
social isolation sports (individual sports)
sports that emphasize low body weight or subjective judging of appearance
gymnastics, figure skating, ballet, long-distance running

183
Q

risks of disordered eating

A 
decreased BMD (premature osteoporosis) 
menstrual abnormalities 
electrolyte disturbances 
decreased immune function 
diminished ability to heal wounds 
GI dysfunction
184
Q

amenorrhea

A

the absence of at least 3-6 consecutive menstrual cycles in women who have already begun menstruating

185
Q

Functional ammenorrhea

A

exercise or acute weight loss

186
Q

psychogenic amenorrhea

A

associated with psychological trauma or stress

could be accompanied by caloric deficiency

187
Q

anorexia nervosa amenorrhea

A

starvation
body wasting
severe hypothalamic and other endocrine abnormalities

188
Q

hypothalamic amenorrhea

A

cessation of menstruation due to dysfunction of the hypothalamic signals to the pituitary gland, resulting in anovulation

189
Q

athletes might not have amenorrhea but can have

A

menstrual dysfunction
oligomenorrhea
luteal phase defects (LPD)

190
Q

what is Luteal Phase Defects (LPD)

A

patient ovulates but ovarian function is insufficient to support implantation
caused by energy deficit or hypometabolic state

191
Q

exercise induced amenorrhea

A

suppression of reproductive function is a neuroendocrine adaptation to caloric deficit

192
Q

amenorrhea and energy deficit cause….

A

decrease pulsatility of GnRH, LH and plasma levels of estradiol which lead to ovulatory irregularity

193
Q

threshold for energy availability that is compatible with healthy LH pulsatility =

A

20-30 kcal/kg FFM/day

194
Q

osteoporosis in Female Athlete Triad

A 
premature bone loss or inadequate bone formation 
low bone mass
micro-architectural deterioration 
increased skeletal fragility 
increased risk of fracture
195
Q

amenorrheic athletes BMD loss

A

2-6% / year up to 25%

196
Q

post-menopausal women BMD loss

A

3% per year for 10 years and then it returns to 0.3% per year

197
Q

normal cycling adult women BMD loss

A

0.3%-0.5% / year

198
Q

low estrogen leads to

A

accelerated bone reabsorption

199
Q

energy deficit during exercise amenorrhea leads to decreased bone ______-

A

formation

200
Q

slowed bone formation with amenorrhea can result from

A

low thyroid hormone
low IGF-1
Low leptin
=state of energy conservation

201
Q

late-maturing/amenorrheic women will reach menopause _____ and have ___ BMD than their peers

A

later, lower

202
Q

Treatment Order for the female athlete triad

A

recovery energy status, recover menstrual cycle and then recovery bone mineral density

203
Q

recovery of energy status duration

A

days or weeks

204
Q

recovery of menstrual cycle duration

A

months

205
Q

recovery of bone mineral density

A

years

206
Q

increasing energy status =

A

stimulate anabolic hormones (IGF-1) and bone formation

reverse energy conservative adaptations

207
Q

recovery of menstrual cycle leads to

A

increased reproductive hormones

increased estrogen that exerts anti-resorptive effect on bone

208
Q

recovery of BMD =

A

increased estrogen continues to inhibit bone resorption

increased energy status will stimulate IGF-1 (anabolic hormones) and bone formation

209
Q

maternal adaptations to pregnancy (rest)

A

increased CO, SV and HR
initial decrease in MAP
decrease in TPR
increase in Uteroplacental blood flow

210
Q

uteroplacental BF ______ during exercise because…

A

decreases, SNA increases to viscera and reduces or limits absolute BF
but it is WELL TOLERATED in healthy pregnancies

211
Q

protective fetus mechanisms during exercise

A

redistribution from uterine wall to placenta
increased in uterine oxygen extraction (a-v O2 difference rises)
fetus maintains or slightly increases umbilical flow
decreased fetal activity

212
Q

fetal growth is highly dependent on _________

A

maternal glucose

213
Q

when in pregnancy is there a higher risk of hypoglycemia during/after strenuous exercise

A

in late pregnancy due to decreased liver glycogen stores, increased maternal skeletal muscle glucose utilization, increased demand by fetus

214
Q

in late pregnancy, how can women avoid hypoglycemia of the fetus during exercise

A

ingesting carbs during or after exercise

215
Q

during the first trimester women should not use a

A

HOT TUB

216
Q

adaptations that enhance thermoregulation during maternal exercise

A

downward shift in sweating threshold so there is evaporative heat loss at lower core temps
increased skin BF in pregnancy to enhance heat transfer
increase in VE augments heat loss from respiratory tract

217
Q

what does moderate exercise do for previously sedentary pregnant mothers

A

improves physical fitness

enhances metabolic and cardiopulmonary capacities

218
Q

what exercise is recommended for pregnant women

A

light to moderate aerobic exercise 20-40 min bouts
will not increase risk of premature labor
cause fetal growth retardation
or alter fetal development

219
Q

trained women who continue with strenuous exercise during pregnancy

A

volume is reduced as pregnancy progresses
maternal/gain of weight was less
babies were lighter with decreased adiposity
less labor pain and shorter labor
babies have normal growth and development

220
Q

exercise _____ glucose tolerance

A

improves so there is less risk for gestational diabetes

221
Q

during pregnancy when should you not abruptly increase intensity

A

before week 14 or after week 28

222
Q

don’t use standard ______ training ranges to prescribe exercise intensity for pregnant women

A

HR

223
Q

after 4 months, avoid exercise in the _____ position

A

supine

224
Q

how to limit risk of future urinary incontinence after birth

A

initiation of pelvic floor exercises immediately postpartum

225
Q

exercise _______ effect lactation

A

does not

226
Q

Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy: Frequency

A

≥3-5 days/week

227
Q

Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy: Time

A

around 30 min/session to total >150 min/week of moderate or 75 min/week of vigorous

228
Q

Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy: Intensity

A 
moderate 
3-5.0 Mets 
RPE 12-13 
Talk test
or could be vigorous
229
Q

Exercise Prescription in Pregnancy: intensity and type for women who exercise vigorously prior to pregnancy

A

REP 14-17
≥ 6 METS
dynamic and rhythmic using large muscle groups

230
Q

intensity of resistance training during pregnancy

A

2-3/week

8-10, 12-15 RM weight that elicits moderate fatigue

231
Q

during pregnancy and resistance training avoid..

A

isometric and valsalva maneuver

supine position after week 16 or 4 months (at second trimester)

232
Q

Discontinue exercise during pregancy if

A

vaginal bleed, regular painful contractions
leak of amniotic fluid
dyspnea before exertion, dizziness, HA
chest pain, mm weakness that affects balance or
calf pain/swelling

233
Q

contraindications to exercise during pregancy

A

pregnancy induced HTN or preeclampsia
pre-term rupture of membranes
preterm labor during the prior or current pregnancy or both
incompetent cervix
persistent bleeding during last 2 trimesters
intrauterine growth retardation
higher order pregnancy (triplets)
uncontrolled T1DM, HTN or thyroid disease
serious CV, respiratory or systemic disorder like Addison’s or RA

234
Q

what type of pulmonary disease limit exercise intolerance

A

obstructive (high airway resistance/obstruction)
restrictive (fibrosis-loss of alveoli, non-compliant lung)
chest wall defects (mm weakness/chest wall deformity)

235
Q

COPD

A

progressive development of airflow limitation, not fully reversible, caused by chronic inflammation of the airways and lung parenchyma

236
Q

cause of COPD

A

long-term exposure to noxious gases and particles

237
Q

three major mechanisms of COPD

A

loss of elasticity and alveolar attachments to airways (emphysema)
narrowing of small airways lumen (inflammation and scarring)
excessive secretion of mucus that blocks the airways

238
Q

COPD is characterized by

A

high airway resistance (low FEV1%) and high FRC that encroaches on inspiratory capacity , harder work of breathing and muscles are mechanically inefficient
skeletal muscle deconditioning or myopathy
LOW VO2Max , lactic acidosis at low work rates, energy for breathing steals blood away from exercising muscles

239
Q

emphysema

A

loss of elasticity (elastic recoil)

increased compliance of the lung) leads to hyperinflation of the lungs –> barrel chest (increased chest wall diameter

240
Q

limiting symptom at rest and during exercise in COPD

A

dyspnea = perceived difficulty or distress in breathing

SOB

241
Q

breathing during exercise with COPD

A

increased work of breathing due to obstruction and inefficient breathing mechanics
poor V/Q matching so there is higher VE at any absolute work rate to eliminate CO2 and maintain PaO2

242
Q

why are some COPD patients limited by leg fatigue during exercise and not dyspnea

A

the cost of breathing steals blood away from exercising muscles

243
Q

Decreasing Dyspnea

A

bronchodilation
oxygen therapy (decreased VE, dyspnea, hyperinflation and improves metabolic status)
exercise therapy

244
Q

most of the disability in COPD is related to _____________

A

concurrent deconditioning and disease- related muscle dysfunction

245
Q

muscle dysfunction in COPD

A

low mm mass and strength
low muscle aerobic enzymes and capillary density
decreased OBLA
slow rise in VO2 at exercise onset - rely on anaerobic metabolism (reach steady state later)

246
Q

those with COPD, exercise can improve

A

exercise tolerance muscle function

247
Q

mechanisms underlying muscle dysfunction in COPD

A

deconditioning
malnutrition
skeletal muscle myopathy
low circulating androgens

248
Q

can exercise reverse progression of disease pathology of COPD

A

no but can increase the exercise capacity

249
Q

benefits of regular exercise for those with COPD

A

improve functional capacity of daily tasks
reduce VE during submax exercise
shift OBLA to higher intensity by increasing skeletal muscle aerobic capacity (oxidative capacity)
improved coordination and economy, respiratory mm endurance, improved work toleranc and reducing dyspnea

250
Q

what should be used for COPD patients with severe exercise induced hypoxemia

A

oxygen supplementation

251
Q

what is always included in exercise testing for those with pulmonary disease

A

measurement of arterial oxygenation

pulse ox for SaO2 or arterial blood gases PaO2 or PaCO2

252
Q

exercise testing with pulmonary disease should take pulmonary function measurements ____
and should include _____

A

before during and after exercise

static/dynamic lung function and respiratory mm tests

253
Q

intensity for exercise prescription in COPD

A

can’t use age predicted HRmax or HRR

use dyspnea or symptoms to adjust

254
Q

what RPE scale should be used for COPD patients during exercise

A

0-10

255
Q

resistance training recommendations in COPD

A

2-3 nonconsecutive days/week
60-70% of 1RM for beginners and ≥80% of 1RM for experienced lifters: 2-4 sets, 8-12 reps
Endurance= <50% 1RM, 1-2 sets of 15-20 reps

256
Q

oxygen supplementation is indicated during exercise if what values occur (PaO2, SaO2 and titrate O2)

A

PaO2 <55mmHg
SaO2 <88%
titrate O2 > 90%

257
Q

Exercise induced bronchospasm

A

15% or greater post exercise reduction of FEV1 or peak expiratory flow rate

258
Q

when can EIB occur

A

in those with chronic asthma or in persons with no evidence of asthma at rest

259
Q

symptoms of EIB

A 
wheezing 
chest tightness 
SOB 
cough 
mucus production 
need to stop exercising
260
Q

conditions that evoke EIB

A

cold, dry air
pollens, dust and air pollution
more intense and long duration exercise

261
Q

causes of EIB

A

mast cell release
release of bronchoconstrictor substance
airway fluid loss during conditioning of dry air
inflammation triggers neurally-mediated constriction or acts directly on smooth muscle

262
Q

what inhaler is used for EIB

A

Beta-2 antagonist at least 15 min prior to exercise

Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions