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VET 401 Basic Foundations > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism that causes pathology, damage, disease or disrupts normal host function or fitness

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2
Q

Frank pathogen

A

Organism that causes disease in some/most of the animals
Needs sufficient dose, no other factors
NOT part of host’s normal flora

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3
Q

Opportunistic pathogen

A

Causes disease only if other factors are present that compromise host defenses
Ex: skin wounds, catheter, URI, etc.
Frank can be opportunistic in some species and vice versa

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4
Q

Virulence

A

Measure of pathogenicity (capacity of a microbe to cause disease in a host
How much damage

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5
Q

Virulence traits

A

Essential for virulence - directly result in host damage
Virulence-associated - control expression of virulence genes, help with secretion or processing of virulence proteins
Virulence lifestyle - allow colonization, evasion of host defenses

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6
Q

Examples of virulence traits

A

Anthrax virulence genes - Anthrax toxin: protective antigen, lethal toxin, edema toxin
Virulence-associated genes
Virulence lifestyle genes - spore formation, capsule

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7
Q

Gram negative

A

Thin peptidoglycan layer
Contain LPS
Stain red/pink

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8
Q

Gram positive

A

Thick peptidoglycan layer
Stain purple

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9
Q

Exotoxins

A

Protein secreted from bacterial cell (Gram + and -)
Cause host-cell damage or disruption of function, often antigenic
Ex: Anthrax lethal toxin/edema toxin, Tetanus tetanospasmin, Botulism botulinum toxin

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10
Q

Endotoxins

A

Potent stimulator of inflammation
Ex: Lipid A causes endotoxic shock, important virulence factor

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11
Q

Molds

A

Multicellular filamentous fungi
Hyphae are filaments
Fruiting structures
Spores or conidia - basic reproductive unit
Ex: Aspergillus or Penicillium

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12
Q

Yeast

A

Single celled fungi
Reproduce by budding
Ex: Malassezia - ear/skin infections, Candida - opportunistic infections, Cryptococcus - nasal and systemic infections (cats primarily)

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13
Q

Viral components

A

Nucleic acid - DNA or RNA (not both)
Capsid - protein core, holds nucleic acid
Envelope - lipid bilayer surrounding some viruses (enveloped viruses tend to be less resistant to the environment than non-enveloped viruses)

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14
Q

Viral cycle

A

Attachment
Entry
Uncoating
Replication
Release

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15
Q

Pasteurella multocida is frequently found as part of the upper respiratory flora of healthy dogs, cats, pigs, and cattle. When it causes pneumonia in its host species it is considered which of the following?
a. Frank
b. Opportunistic

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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16
Q

The mature virus particle (virion) always contains which of the following?
a. ribosomes
b. DNA or RNA
c. envelope
d. peptidoglycan

A

DNA or RNA

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17
Q

Which of the following components or structures are commonly found in yeast?
a. hyphae
b. cell wall
c. fruiting structures
d. peptidoglycan

A

Cell wall

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18
Q

Epidemiologic triad

A

Set of complex relationships and interactions b/w host. disease agent, and the environment
More realistic scenario for causal relationships underlying development of disease in a host

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19
Q

Examples of determinants for infectious diseases

A

Survival outside host, virulence, infectiousness, dose, duration of contact, reproductive status, susceptibility, behavior, movement, housing, other species nearby, climate, water availability

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20
Q

Examples of determinants for non-infectious diseases

A

Potency, degranulation, biomagnification, dose, duration of exposure, genetics, stress, immune response, weather, wind

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21
Q

Arthropods

A

Ectoparasite
Multicellular
Both micro-/macroscopic

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22
Q

Protozoa

A

Endoparasite
Unicellular
Microscopic
Both direct/indirect life cycle

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23
Q

Nematodes

A

Endoparasite
Multicellular
Both micro-/macroscopic
Both direct/indirect life cycle

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24
Q

Trematodes

A

Endoparasite
Multicellular
Both micro-/macroscopic
Only indirect life cycle

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25
Cestodes
Endoparasite Multicellular Both micro-/macroscopic Only indirect life cycle
26
Direct life cycle
Life cycle completed on one host
27
Indirect life cycle
Life cycle completed on more than one host
28
Definitive host
Where parasite reaches adult stage (sexual maturity)
29
Intermediate host (IH)
Some parasites must undergo development in IH to reach adult stage in definitive host Ex: heartworm uses mosquito as vector & IH
30
Infective stage
Where parasite is in form that can infect/invade host cycle
31
Diagnostic stage
Where parasite can be detected with naked eye or lab methods
32
Pathogenic stage
Where parasite causes disease in host
33
Key features of Toxocara canis life cycle
Larvae mature to adults in small intestine of young dogs only (tracheal or liver-lung migration) In older dogs, larvae encyst in tissue until pregnancy - transplacental/transmammary transmission ensures pups born infected High zoonotic potential
34
Which of the following best defines the definitive host for a parasite?
The host where adult (sexually mature) parasites are found
35
Parasites are generally most pathogenic when they are in their diagnostic stage True/false
False
36
The pathogenic stage(s) of Toxocara canis is/are which of the following? a. embryonated (contains larvae) egg b. unembryonated egg c. adult worms in the intestine d. larvae migrating through liver and lung
Adult worms in the intestine Larvae migrating through liver and lung
37
Outbreak
Synonymous with epidemic Occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health related behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
38
John Snow
Original contact tracer Went house to house in London counting deaths from cholera and compared death rates among households getting their water from different supplies Determined disease-causing agent was transmitted by contaminated water and the point source was a public water pump
39
Associations vs. risk factors vs. causes
Associations go together Risk factors increase susceptibility Causes are essential components related to progression of disease, may be related to agent/host/environment
40
Causal framework - 1964 guidelines (9 criteria)
Temporality - exposure to causal agent must have occurred before disease developed Strength of Association Dose Response Experiment Consistency (replication) Biological Plausibility Alternate explanations Specificity Coherence
41
Causal framework - 1986 guidelines
Temporality Biological plausibility Consistency Lack of confounding
42
Necessary causes
Must precede disease, but presence does not guarantee disease (ex: bacteria, viruses, etc.)
43
Sufficient causes
Diseases can have multiple component causes, which in various combinations can produce sufficient causes - complete causal mechanisms/pathways (pies) that inevitably produce disease
44
Observational study types
Case-control Cohort Cross-sectional
45
Experimental study types
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Gold standard for assessing causation If you can manipulate the exposure (i.e. treatment) before an outcome is measured, causal order is guaranteed
46
Sample size
Small sample sizes make it hard to detect an association if there is one, and findings may not be generalizable to a larger population
47
Over-testing hypotheses
Increases likelihood of finding an association just by chance ("p-hacking")
48
Confounding
Inadequate accounting for important factors associated with exposure and outcome
49
Information bias
Accidental misclassification of risk factor status or disease status Correct classification depends on accurate diagnostic tests and accurate patient history
50
Selection bias
If random sampling is not used, sample groups selected may not be reflective of the population of interest
51
Case definition
Cases of disease (and controls) can be defined in many ways: Mortality (caused by the disease) Clinical symptoms Clinical treatment Diagnostic test results Combinations of the above
52
Ratios (odds)
a:b a/b Not as useful as probability statistics Can be converted to a proportion (a/(a+b))
53
Proportions
Fraction in which numerator (frequency of disease or condition) is also included in the denominator a/a+b Can be used as probabilities or risks (%)
54
Rates
Relationship between an event and defined population-at-risk evaluated over a specified time period
55
Crude mortality
Death from all causes / population at risk for death
56
Cause-specific mortality
Deaths from disease X / population at risk for death
57
Case fatality for disease X
Deaths from disease X / cases of disease X
58
Proportionate mortality for disease X
Deaths from disease X / deaths from all causes
59
Dr. Johnson found that 38% of sea otter deaths were due to parasitic diseases. What measure of risk was used? a. case-fatality b. proportionate mortality c. crude mortality d. cause-specific mortality
Proportionate mortality
60
In one year 30 sea otters die, with 3 of the deaths due to shark bite, out of the total sea otter population of 3000. What is the crude mortality? a. <1% b. 1% c. 10% d. 100%
1% 30/3000
61
Prevalent cases
All cases at a given point in time (mix of new cases and existing cases)
62
Incident cases
New cases occurring during a given time interval
63
Prevalence
Number of cases observed at time / total number of individuals at risk at time Like a photograph of all disease present at a given point in time (old & new cases) Static measure of disease Proportion or percentage For an individual, measures risk of being a case rather than becoming a case
64
Incidence
Measures risk or rate of becoming a new (incident) case Proportion or percentage per time interval, or case/time at risk Important in predicting future impact of disease Usually harder to measure than prevalence 2 main types: cumulative incidence (CI) and incidence density rate (IDR)
65
Risk ratio
risk of disease in exposed group / risk of disease in unexposed group a = # affected in exposed group c = # affected in unexposed group a + b = total # in exposed group c + d = total # in unexposed group RR = [a / (a+b)] / [c / (c+d)]

VET 401 Basic Foundations (4 decks)

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