Exam 4

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

Establish an evolutionary history

Question 2

Carlaus Linnaeus

Answer 2

2 kingdom system: plantae and animalia

Question 3

Carl Woese

Answer 3

3 domain system (eukarya, bacteria, archaea) based on variation in cellular composition and rRNA sequences

Question 4

Prokaryote, no peptidoglycan, branched carbon chains, lacking rRNA loop and Arm of tRNA

Answer 4

Archaea

Question 5

Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan, straight carbon chains ESTER linked, rRNA loop and arm of tRNA present

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Eukaryotic, straight carbon chains Ester linked, no rRNA loop, Arm of tRNA present

Answer 6

Eukarya

Question 7

16 rRNA gene

Answer 7

Molecular tool to determine phylogeny and group organisms into taxa

Question 8

Protoebacteria

Answer 8

Largest and most diverse phylum of GRAM-NEGATIVES, includes purple a oxygen Uc phototrophs

Question 9

Proteobacteria classes

Answer 9

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon

Question 10

Proteobacteria class: alpha

Answer 10

Unusual morphologies
Human pathogens genus: Rickettsia
Ecologically significant genus: bradyrhizobium, rhizobium, nitrobacter, agrobacterium
Distinctive features genus: caulobacter & hyphomicrobium

Question 11

Proteobacteria class: Beta

Answer 11

Utilize nutrients diffusing from areas of decomposition
Human pathogens genus: bordetella, neisseria
Ecologically significant genus: thiobacillus
Distinctive features genus: Shaerotillus

Question 12

Proteobacteria class: Gamma

Answer 12

Largest class; greatest variety of physiology; includes enteric bacteria

Question 13

Non enteric bacteria (gamma class)

Answer 13

Human pathogens genus: francisella, pseudomonas, vibrio
Ecologically significant genus: Beggiatoa, azotobacter & azomonas, thiomargarita, pseudomonas
Distinctive features: pseudomonas

Question 14

Enterobacteriales or Entrics (gamma class)

Answer 14

Facultative anaerobic bacilli; peritrichous flagella possible; common in animal microbiota

Question 15

Protoebacteria class: delta

Answer 15

Some predatory to other bacteria
Ecologically significant: desulfovibrio
Distinctive features: Bdelovibrio, myxococcus

Question 16

Preteobacteria class: epsilon

Answer 16

Microaerophilic flagellated helical or vibrio cells
Human pathogens: campylobacter, helicobacter

Question 17

Cyanobacteria

Answer 17

Gram negatives, large, diverse phylum unicellular or filamentous morphology; gliding motility or gas vacuoles; fix nitrogen and photosynthetic

Question 18

Spirochetes

Answer 18

Gram negative, coiled morphology; axial filaments

Question 19

Chlamydiae

Answer 19

Gram negatives, no PTG in cell wall; intracellular with very complex life cycle
Human pathogen: chlamydia, chlamydophila

Question 20

Gram positive bacteria phyla

Answer 20

Firmicutes (low C + G) - bacteria w/o cell walls and endospore formers
Actinobacteria (high C + G) - acid fast bacteria and actinomycetes

Question 21

Archaea

Answer 21

Most ecologically diverse of the three domains. Psychrophiles and hyperthermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, methanogens. Most abundant in moderate habitats

Question 22

Crenarchaeota

Answer 22

Widest range of temperature, hyperthermophiles, mesopholes, psychrophiles

Question 23

Thaumarchaeota

Answer 23

Mesophillic heterotrophs and sulfur oxidizers; ammonia oxidizers

Question 24

Euryarchaeota

Answer 24

Shows the greatest range of metabolism; methanogens, halophiles, some thermophiles

Question 25

Protista (eukaryotic kingdom)

Answer 25

Photosynthetic protists - algae Flagellates, ciliates, amoeboids, sporozoans - Protozoa Water molds and slime molds - funguslike

Question 26

Paramecium

Answer 26

Ciliates

Question 27

Giardia

Answer 27

Flagellates

Question 28

Entamoeba

Answer 28

Amoebids

Question 29

Plasmodium

Answer 29

Sporozoans (non-motile)

Question 30

Animalia (eukaryotic kingdom)

Answer 30

Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes Helminths (parasitic worms) - complex life cycle involving hosts

Question 31

Helminths (parasitic worms)

Answer 31

Many are Intestinal parasites Platyhelminths (flatworms) Nematodes (round worms)

Question 32

Example of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Answer 32

Trematodes (flukes) Cestodes (tapeworms)

Question 33

Example of Nematodes (round worms)

Answer 33

Hookworms: ancylostoma & necator Ascaris lumbricoides Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) Trichinella spiralis Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)

Question 34

Fungi (eukaryotic kingdom)

Answer 34

Mycology Avascular, typically non-motile, unicellular (nonmycelial) or multicellular, aerobes, anaerobes, or facultative anaerobes, chemoorganoheterotrophs

Question 35

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Answer 35

Saprophytes and parasites

Question 36

Yeasts

Answer 36

Unicellular Budding and Saccharomyces (bakers yeast) Opportunistic pathogens

Question 37

Benefits of Fungi

Answer 37

Decomposers, plant associated with mycorrhizae, food, pharmaceutical

Question 38

Pathogenic fungi (mycoses)

Answer 38

Stachybotrys - hemorrhagic pneumonia & mycotoxins Aspergillus - mildew & aspergillosis Pneumocystis - “red flag” in AIDS Candida - thrush, diaper rash, yeast infection Cryptococcus - cryptococcosis & meníngoencephalitis

Question 39

Edible Fungi

Answer 39

Saccharomyces - fermentation of bread and alcohol Torulopsis - protein supplements Aspergillus - citric acid Trichoderma - fruit juice production

Question 40

Pharmaceutical fungi

Answer 40

Penicillium and Cephalosporium - antibiotics Tolypocladium - cyclosporine Penicillium and Aspergillus - statins Genetically engineered yeast - Vaccines

Question 41

Multicellular fungi

Answer 41

Absorptive nutrition Hyphae generate mycelium Cell walls contain chitin Membranes contain sterol ergosterol

Question 42

Vegetative hyphae

Answer 42

Functions to obtain nutrients

Question 43

Ariel hyphae

Answer 43

Functions to produce reproductive spores sexually and asexually

Question 44

Zygomycota

Answer 44

Zugospores Black bread molds (aseptate)

Question 45

Ascomycota

Answer 45

Ascus Sac fungi

Question 46

Basidiomycota

Answer 46

Basidia Club fungi

Question 47

Ecological roles of fungi

Answer 47

1) Formation of mycorrhizae that extend the root systems of plants 2) recycling biomass of wood and leaves 3) digestion of lignin, a component of wood

Question 48

Common traits shared by most multicellular fungi

Answer 48

1) absorptive nutrition 2) hyphae production 3) classified by sexual reproductive strategy 4) chitinous cell walls

Question 49

Asexual fungal spores produced inside a sac at the end of reproductive (aerial) hyphae

Answer 49

Sporangiospore

Question 50

Mycelium (quiz question)

Answer 50

Visible mass of hyphae

Question 51

Hyphae (quiz question)

Answer 51

Multinucleate cell filaments

Question 52

Sexual reproductive process of fungi

Answer 52

Used to classify fungi into phyla

Question 53

Polysaccharide found in the cell wall of many fungi

Answer 53

Chitin

Question 54

Asexual reproduction (spore production) of fungi

Answer 54

Used to identify fungi

Question 55

T/F Members of the Zygomycota fungal phylum (division) commonly form mycorrhizal associations with the roots of many plants

Answer 55

False

Question 56

The term “protist” includes all these single cell eukaryotic organisms

Answer 56

1) ciliates 2) algae 3) flagellates 4) amebas NOT YEAST

Question 57

Pinworms, which are common human parasites, are a round worms and are considered a

Answer 57

Nematode

Question 58

T/F Protozoans were once classified based on their mode of motility but are currently placed into taxa based on SSU rRNA sequences

Answer 58

True

Question 59

T/F Fungi can cause some very serious diseases in humans but most fungi are actually opportunistic pathogens

Answer 59

True

Question 60

The group of microbes that includes ciliates, flagellates, and non-motile sporozoans is known as

Answer 60

Protozoan