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PS346 - Abnormal Psychology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Substance Disorders are characterized by…

A

loss of control over urges to use substances

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2
Q

Substance Disorders in DSM-5 - Psychoactive substances are taken to…

A

Have an effect on mood, behavior, congition
prevent uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

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3
Q

Substance Disorders DSM-5 Criteria

A

Within 12-month period
larger amounts than intended, use when hazardous, craving or strong desire for drugs, tolerance increases/feeling numb, withdrawal
2-3 required for mild
4-5 moderate
6-7 severe

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4
Q

Tolerance

A

repeated use - more required to get some effect

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5
Q

Withdrawal

A

symptoms that arise due to lack of use (symptoms decrease or stop)

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6
Q

When/how is it a problem? It develops in 3 ways…

A

1) unintentionally (environment)
2) psychoactive element - side effect of medical reasons unrelated to effect
3) result of intentional use of substance (person does not acknowledge the risks if known)

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7
Q

Common liabilities model

A

combination of neuro, psych, social, factors which make someone vulnerable and suggestable/impulsive
cause problem behaviors

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8
Q

Gateway hypothesis

A

there is an entry drug - individual works up to harder drug (two factors are age and quantity)

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9
Q

Drug types

A

stimulant, depressant, opioids, hallucinogen, dissociative anesthetics

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10
Q

Stimulant and types

A

stimulates CNS
nicotine, crack, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamines, methamphetamines, bath salts
low dose can make someone alert and energetic

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11
Q

Cocaine + Crack

A

tolerance developed quickly
smoked crack acts fast
18th century Europe, associated with Freud

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12
Q

Amphetamines

A

adderall, dexedrine, benzedrite
usually pills, prescribed for ADHD/narcolepsy
longer high
help w/depression, anxiety, fatigue

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13
Q

Methamphetamines

A

highly addictive
intense rush of pleasure
larger effect

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14
Q

MDMA (Ecstasy) - Hallucinogen

A

usually in tablet form
similar to meth
stimulant and hallucinogen
produces sense of well-being, empathy, warmth to others
abuse results in poor mood, anxiety, aggression, sleep problems
withdrawal: depression, fatigue, less appetite, less concentration

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15
Q

Dopamine Reward System - two parts

A

Nucleus accumbens + Ventral tegmental area

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16
Q

Describe dopamine reward system

A

cocaine and drugs block transporters of dopamine, therefore, it takes more drugs to get the same effect (blocks reuptake)

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17
Q

Stimulants - Psych Factors (conditioning)

A

Operant Conditioning
+ using drug is positive consequence (reinforced)
- alleviate negative state, crave relief, use drugs (reinforced)
Classical: drug cues (perephenalia, environment)
Body is more likely to prepare if it knows environment, same amount in new environmen, more likely to OD

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18
Q

Stimulants - Social Factors

A

Family relations, peer relationships, norms and perceived norms, socio-cultural factors

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19
Q

Other abused substances

A

Narcotics analgesics (opioids - heroin, codeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone)
Hallucinogen (LSD, Marijuana)
Dissociative anesthetics (PCD + Ketamine)

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20
Q

Origin of narcotics/characteristics of narcotics

A

comes from poppy plant, inject and snort in mouth, alleviate pain, highly addictive, withdrawal within 8 hours of last dose, death can happen if taken with depressant

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21
Q

Heroin

A

opioid, euphoria and tolerance, irritability, chills, vomit, sneezing, hot flashes

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22
Q

Neuro Factors for Heroin Use

A

slows down CNS activity
decrease endorphin production

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23
Q

Hallucinogen types

A

LSD, Marijuana, Mescaline
chemically similar to serotonin

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24
Q

LSD - symptoms of use

A

alter auditory sensations and perceptions
shifting emotions
unpredictable
flashbacks and psychosis

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25
Marijuana (THD) - Characteristics
Psychoactive effects smoked or ingested THC activates dopamine reward system cognitive and motor abilities impaired CBD is not psychoactive harmful effects vary person to person schizophrenia is a potential risk factor of prolonged extreme Marijuana use
26
Neuro Factors - Marijuana
THC chemically similar to cannabinoids (which activate dopamine reward system)
27
Treating substance abuse disorders (two ways)
Abstinence and harm reduction
28
Abstinence
Alcoholics Anonymous relapse rates 60% meds to minimize withdrawal - block the high feeling
29
Harm Reduction
try to reduce harm to individual and society from abuse and dependence People will use anyway, lets make it safer for them safe needles rather than unsafe exchange controlling drinking or drug use, but in a safe environment
30
Detoxification
Neurological treatment - medical supervision discontinuation of substance use)
31
Medication
Neurological treatment - interfere with pleasant effects of drugs
32
Treatment for Addiction - Psychological
Motivational Interviewing - boost patients motivation to decrease or stop use of drugs goals and behavior adjusted based on stage of change
33
Precontemplation
Not me
34
Contemplation
maybe I have an issue
35
Preparation
Ok, what now, I am unsure
36
Action
Lets do this
37
Maintenance
It is possible
38
CBT
cognitive behavioral therapy
39
Twelve Step Facilitation
like AA, but led by licensed counselors/professionals
40
Other options
residential treatment, family therapy, day programs, community treatment, AA and NA
41
What are personality disorders?
can date back to adolescence psych disorders characterized by inflexible and maladaptive thought, feelings, behaviors, from situations that lead to distress or dysfunction DIFFERENT from norm or culture 30% of those with PD commit suicide
42
Assessing Personality Disorders (4 ways)
1) Clinical interview 2) Collateral info from family members 3) consider culture, ethnicity, racial background 4) personality inventories: MCMI-3, MMPI-2, PAI
43
DSM-5 for Personality Disorder
Enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. Two or more of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, impulse control
44
PD Cluster A - Odd/Eccentric PD - 3 ways of thinking
paranoid: pervasive, mistrust, bias toward hostile motives of others schizoid: restricted range of emotions, few or no relationships, lack social skills, passive reactions schizotypal: characteristics of paranoid and schizoid symptoms. Cog/perception: magical paranoid ideation, interpersonal symptoms such as social anxiety disorganized symptoms: odd speech and behavior
45
PD Cluster B - Dramatic/Erratic PD how many are there?
4
46
Cluster B - Antisocial PD
persistent disregard for rights of others violate rules or laws, lie, hurt others act impulsively, put self and others in harms way often conduct disorder in childhood
47
Cluster B - Histrionic PD
dramatic attention-seeking behavior + exaggerated emotions seeking out novelty and excitement patients have poor insight into their symptoms easily and excessively frustrated by life's challenges delayed gratification
48
Cluster B - Narcissistic PD
Inflated sense of importance, lack empathy, excessive desire to be admired overvalue themselves - undervalue people who disappoint them insensitive to others feelings and points of view
49
Borderline Personality Disorder DSM-5
pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects. Marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood in a variety of contexts as indicated by FIVE or more of the following: frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships (alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation) identity disturbance impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, threats affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood chronic feelings of emptiness inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
50
PD Cluster C - Fearful/Anxious PD - how many?
3
51
Avoidant PD
extreme social inhibition - feeling inadequate, overly sensitive to negative evaluation shy, isolated, lonely, timid, low quality of life hypervigilant for criticism/rejection concerned about embarrassment
52
Dependent PD
submissive and clingy behaviors, fear separation clingy: chronic pattern of helplessness - elicit reassurance chronic self-doubt - underestimate abilities limited social circle other person takes initiative
53
Obsessive-Compulsive PD
preoccupied w/perfectionism, orderliness, self-control decision making is long and painful formal + serious relationships overly conscientious
54
Psych factors underlying PD
operant conditioning histrionic: attention from parents when exaggerating/performing antisocial: AFP when child acts out develop maladaptive or faulty beliefs self-fulfill prophecy BPD: spouse will leave me - hypervigilance
55
Social factors underlying PD
attachment style secure: view of worth and availability of others is positive insecure: view of worth and availability of others is negative
56
Treating PD: General Issues
less likely to seek treatment - deeply ingrained (not dys) if treatment sought: difficult to address ingrained - poor motivation for change medications: antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers Psych treatment: CBT, family therapy, group therapy,
57
Treatment for BPD
Dialectal Behavior Therapy mindfulness, emotional regulation, distress tolerance and acceptance, accept what cannot change
58
Insomnia DSM-5
trouble falling and staying asleep 3 nights/week for 3 months not caused by drugs or other sleep-wake disorders
59
Hypersomnia DSM-5
excessive sleep despite 7+ hours. Lapsing sleep of around 9+ hours per day, not feeling rested, 3 nights/week for 3 months or longer not caused by drugs or other sleep-wake disorder
60
Narcolepsy DSM-5
uncontrollable need for sleep during day; 3 nights/week for 3 months or longer not drug related. Low levels of NT hypocretin-1 decreased REM, may involve cataplexy/muscle weakness
61
Parasomnia DSM-5 - Non-REM sleep arousal disorder
partial awakening in first third of sleep, sleepwalking or sleep terrors
62
Parasomnia DSM-5 - REM sleep behavior disorder
arousal w/talking or physical movement
63
Parasomnia DSM-5 - Nightmare disorder
repeated vivid and upsetting dreams in second half of sleep
64
Breathing related sleep disorders
sleep apnea types: central, obstructive hypopnea, hypoventilation
65
Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders
delayed and advanced sleep phases, irregular, non-24 hour, shift-work
66
Restless leg syndrome
irresistible desire to move one's legs when resting
67
Sleep disturbances - historical perspective
caveman - fetal position in pits by cave walls egypt - revered near death feel of sleep romans - less focus on sleep middle ages - people huddle, not comfy renaissance - more focus on comfort before nighttime was invented, people sleep, wake up and do stuff, then go back to sleep
68
Sleep Cycle
Awake - REM - non-rem (1-3)
69
Sleep disturbances - psych perspective and treatments
psychodynamic - meaning of dreams and their function CBT for Insomnia stimulus control therapy sleep restriction therapy sleep hygiene education cognitive therapy relaxation training
70
Sleep disturbances - sociocultural perspective
social inequality and social justice - reduced pay, workplace inequality, wp stress > predict inadequate sleep sleep loss: inequality based not mental disorder
71
Enuresis DSM-5
unintentionally or intentionally urinates in bed in clothes for 2/week for 3 months, not caused by drugs, 5 years old or equivalent developmental level
72
Encopresis DSM-5
bowel movements in inappropriate places once/month for 3 months 4 years old or equivalent developmental level
73
Intellectual Disability DSM-5
intellectual deficits adaptive functioning deficits onset - early development (mild, moderate, severe, profound)
74
Learning Disorders DSM-5
difficulty learning/academic skill one or more symptoms of academic difficulty develops in school years
75
Motor Disorders DSM-5 - Developmental coordination disorder
poor motor skills that are lower than expected for one's age
76
Motor Disorders DSM-5 - stereotypical movements disorder
repetitive and purposeless motor behavior (early development) injury or non-injury behavior
77
Motor Disorders DSM-5 - tic disorders
abrupt/repetitive motor or vocal impairments (tic, chronic, tourette's)
78
Communication Disorder DSM-5 - speech/sound disorder
disorder involving difficulty producing speech and sounds
79
Communication Disorder DSM-5 - language
disorder involving difficulty acquiring, learning, and using language properly
80
Communication Disorder DSM-5 - stuttering
disorder involving repeated sounds or syllables, extending vowels or consonants
81
Biological Perspective - communication/stuttering
dopamine hypothesis of stuttering stuttering - excessive dopamine in basal ganglia antipsychotic drugs reduce dopamine prescribed stimulants as well increase dopamine
82
Psych Perspective - communication
CBT for stutter - manage stutter anxiety - negative thought patterns examined - not much research evidence for this Lidcombe Program - behavior therapy - stage 1: appointment at speech clinic, parents rate severity of stutter, positively reinforce good speech - stage 2: teach contingency management skills more, visit speech clinic less often
83
Constructivist therapy + stutter relapse
meaningful understanding of self and the world fluent in core constructions of self narrative therapy
84
Delirium DSM-5
disturbed attention to and awareness of environment develops over short period of time (hours or days) changes throughout the day disrupted cognition
85
Dementia DSM-5
major and mild types attention, language, perception, learning, memory, executive function impacted
86
Suicide
act of completing the ending of one's life/self harm common methods are drug overdoses, guns, hanging, pesticides, etc.
87
Suicidal ideation
thoughts of suicide, does not mean that there is a psych disorder or acute risk of suicide attempt 10-18% of general population has suicidal thoughts 30% thoughts + conceived plan
88
Suicide - risk factors
hopeless, no job, chronic stress and impulsivity, loss of something (support or something important)
89
Suicide - protective factors
married, kids under 18, support system, problem-solving skills
90
Suicide prevention (4 key things)
suicide prevention counseling - trained counselor or volunteer talk individuals "off the ledge" no suicide contracts - ask clients to explicitly state they won't complete suicide (is this simply coercion? method of suicide restriction - access to common methods made difficult hospitalization - involuntary commitment (it'll be good for them)
91
Why do we need ethics?
therapists are human, ethics provide accountability
92
Ethical issues to consider
therapist competence client welfare confidentiality informed consent dual relationships sexual relationships
93
Limits to confidentiality
patient permission to violate reasonable cause to suspect child abuse reasonable cause to suspect intent to harm self or others records subpoenaed by court
94
Dangerousness of patient
severity, imminence, frequency, probability
95
Duty to warn
Tarasoff Rule - protect potential victims who are in imminent danger (think Gabby Gifford)
96
After crime: competent to stand trial?
defendant must: understand proceedings understand facts and legal options consults with his/her lawyer assists lawyer in building defense all-or-nothing standard
97
APA Ethics Code (5 principles)
Beneficence and nonmaleficence fidelity/responsibility integrity justice respect for people's rights and dignity
98
APA Ethics Code (10 standards)
1 Resolving Ethical Issues  2- Competence  3- Human Relations  4- Privacy and Confidentiality  5- Advertising and Other Public Statements  6- Record Keeping and Fees  7- Education and Training  8- Research and Publication  9- Assessment  10- Therapy

PS346 - Abnormal Psychology (2 decks)

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