Exam 4

Question 1

Tissue

Answer 1

organized mass of similar cells with a specific function

Question 2

The tissue consists of:

Answer 2

• Vertebrates
• Cells
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• Cell Junction

Question 3

Vertebrates: 4 types of tissue

Answer 3

1. Epithelium or epithelial tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Nerve tissue
4. Muscle tissue

Question 4

Cells

Answer 4

Themselves (covered in their turn)

Question 5

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 5

All material outside of cells but materials made by cells and composed of:
- Fibers
- Ground substance

Question 6

Fibers

Answer 6

• Collagen
• Elastic FIber

Question 7

Ground Substance

Answer 7

liquidy -> gel -> granular
- complex macromolecules
- filling in spaces
- lubricants and cushions
- interstitial fluids: blood plasma, lymph fluid

Question 8

Cell Junctions

Answer 8

Specialized structures that connect cells together

Question 9

Tight Junctions also include occluding junctions, zonulae occludins

Answer 9

• Seal neighboring epithelial cells together tightly enough to prevent liquids from passing between the cells to get to the underlying tissues.
• Make the epithelial layer water tight

Question 10

Anchoring Junctions

Answer 10

• adhering junctions: attach cells to each other
• desmosomes: attach cells to each other
• hemidesmosomes: attach cells to the underlying ECM

Question 11

Tethering filaments

Answer 11

• adherins junction: action
• desmosomes: keratin in epithelial cells, tonofilaments in other tissues

Question 12

Gap Junctions

Answer 12

“tunnel” shaped protein through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells that allows the passage of water, ions, and other small molecules between cells

Question 13

connexon (gap junctions)

Answer 13

The tubular protein composed of 6 proteins each called connexin

Question 14

Epithelium or epithelial tissue

Answer 14

Covers surfaces - forms a continuous layer that covers most body surfaces and cavities:
- classified by cell shape and layering

Question 15

Simple epithelium

Answer 15

One cell thick

Question 16

Squamous (epithelial tissue)

Answer 16

flat, tile like

Question 17

Cuboidal (epithelial tissue)

Answer 17

about as tall as wide

Question 18

Columnar (epithelial tissue)

Answer 18

taller than wide

Question 19

Basal lamina (epithelial tissue)

Answer 19

thin sheet of extracellular proteins-lamina: adhesive fibrous protein and sticky ECM
- anchored to the underlying connective tissue

Question 20

Basement membrane (basal lamina and connective tissue) (epithelial tissue)

Answer 20

not a “cellular” membrane

Question 21

Stratified epithelium

Answer 21

Multiple layers

Question 22

Pseudostratified

Answer 22

“appearance of multiple layers” but all cells anchored to basal lamina

Question 23

Connective Tissue

Answer 23

• Connects, supports, and protects other tissues
• The bulk of connective tissue is not composed of cells, but extracellular matrix

Question 24

Cells (connective tissue)

Answer 24

3 general unspecialized:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Adipose cells
3. Blood cells

Question 25

Fibroblasts (connective tissue)

Answer 25

most common type of cell synthesize and maintain ECM - Large, flat

Question 26

Blood cells (connective tissue)

Answer 26

Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 27

Macrophages (connective tissue)

Answer 27

eat invading - organisms, functioning in the immune system

Question 28

most cells (connective tissue)

Answer 28

"fire alarm cells" - initiate immune response

Question 29

Plasma cells (connective tissue)

Answer 29

- B.T cells - produce antibodies

Question 30

Extracellular Matrix (connective tissue)

Answer 30

fibers- collagen, elastic fibers, ground substance - "background substance" - thick, granular -> liquid, gel-like

Question 31

Interstitial fluid (connective tissue)

Answer 31

blood plasma, lymph fluid

Question 32

Collagen (connective tissue)

Answer 32

the most common protein in the animal kingdom 25-30% total mass of proteins in the body - makes up most of fibers in the ECM

Question 33

Collagen filament (connective tissue)

Answer 33

3 polypeptide chains that wind each other in super helix - tough fiber, high tensile strength

Question 34

2 broad classes of connective tissue:

Answer 34

- Connective tissue proper unspecialzed - Specialized connective tissue

Question 35

connective tissue proper unspecialized

Answer 35

- Loose connective tissue - dense connective tissue

Question 36

specialized connective tissue

Answer 36

- adipose tissue - blood - bone - cartilage

Question 37

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 37

brain and spinal cord

Question 38

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 38

- afferent nerves - efferent nerves

Question 39

Afferent nerves

Answer 39

sensory organs --> CNS - optic nerve - auditory nerve - touch nerve

Question 40

Efferent nerves

Answer 40

CNS --> Effector organ (response)

Question 41

somatic nervous system motor nerve system

Answer 41

- function voluntary - under control of brain

Question 42

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 42

- regulates involuntary function includes: - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle - glands - most organ systems

Question 43

Sympathetic nerves

Answer 43

increase various metabolic processes

Question 44

Parasympathetic nerves

Answer 44

decrease various metabolic processes

Question 45

Neuron

Answer 45

specialized to conduct nerve impulses

Question 46

Dendrites

Answer 46

- receive sensory impulses or nerve impulses - short, numerous highly branched

Question 47

Cell body

Answer 47

"ground the nucleus" - perikaryon bilk of protoplasm and cell organelles

Question 48

Axon hillock

Answer 48

axon potential originates

Question 49

Axon

Answer 49

transmits nerve impulses to a receiving cell - ex. muscle neuron

Question 50

astrocyte

Answer 50

metabolic -life support for neurons - maintain proper chemical balance in "glia" - help to maintain the "blood-brain barrier"