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Exam 3 And Final Microbiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming

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2
Q

Penicillin was created by what fungus?

A

staphylococcus aerus

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3
Q

Penicillin disrupts what?

A

Disrupts cell wall by blocking the cross linking of peptidoglycan, leads to osmotic lyses

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4
Q

Beta lactamase does what? What is it produced by?

A

Cleaves onto b-lactam ring in penicillin and deactivates it. Creates resistance
Produced by staphylococcus

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5
Q

What are the 3 steps of horizontal transfer?

A

Conjugation, transduction, transformation

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6
Q

What is transformation?

A

Uptake and expression of exogenous free DNA from environment

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7
Q

What is Conjugation?

A

Transfer of DNA between bacteria through direct contact
• requires special transfer plasmid
•sex pilus

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8
Q

What is transduction?

A

Transfer of DNA from one species to another by a bacteriophage

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9
Q

Describe:
Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction

A

Generalized: lytic cycle, can move any gene
Specialized: lysogenic cycle, can move genes next to prophage insertion site

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10
Q

What are the 3 mamp’s

A

Flagella, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides

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11
Q

Define catabolism:
Define anabolism:

A

Catabolism: produces energy

Anabolism: consumes energy

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins and some mRNA’s

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13
Q

What is an active site? What reactions does it rely on?
What are the cofactors?
What are the coenzymes?

A

Region of enzymes that binds substrate. Rely on weak reactions such as hydrogen bonds& hydrophobic interaction
Cofactors: inorganic (zinc/iron)
Coenzymes: organic (vitamins)

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14
Q

What are the steps of fermentation? ‘
What are the waste product?
What is the final electron acceptor?
What is the ATP yield?
What test do we use?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Oxidation of NADH —> NAD+
    Final electron acceptor: Pyruvate
    ATP yield: 2
    We use biochemical assays
    Water products: alcohol, acid or gas
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15
Q

What are the 5 steps of Respiration?
Describe step 2 and 4
Electron acceptor?
ATP yield?
Waste products?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation (converts acetyl coA, CO2 released, NADH produced)
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Electron transport chain (created proton motor force)
  5. Oxidative phosphorylation
    Electron acceptor: O2 (oxygen)
    ATP yield: 38
    Waste products: CO2 and H2O
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16
Q

What products are in the Kreb Cycle?

A

3NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP (cycles twice 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP)

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17
Q

How many estimated species of fungi?

A

1.5 mil

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18
Q

How many deaths due to invasive fungal infections?

A

1.5 mil ‘

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19
Q

What domain does fungi belong to?

A

Eukarya

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20
Q

What species are in the eukarya domain?

A

Plants, protists, fungi, animals

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21
Q

What kind of nutrition does fungi has? What does it release?

A

Absorptive
Digestive enzymes

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22
Q

What do fungi grow as? What is a network of this called?

A

Hyphae
Mycelium

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23
Q

What kind of spores do fungi produce?

A

Asexual
Sexual

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24
Q

How an asexual spores produced?

A

Through mitosis (Mitotic Spores)
Clonal reproduction

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24
How are sexual spores produced?
Through meiosis or occurs within meiotic spores
25
What's an example of a poisonous / hallucinogenic mushroom?
Amanita phalloides/muscaria
26
Mycorrhizal ____ the growth of plants
Improve
27
What on the New uses for mycelium?
Renewable and compostable resource
28
Define culture
Microbes growing in or on medium
29
Define pure culture?
Genetically homogenous strain of single species
30
Define agar and describe it
Complex polysaccharide used to solidify medium -nontoxic, non metabolizable, not destroyed in autoclave, solidify at 40° C, stays solid over wide range of temperatures
31
Define CFU
Colony forming unit
32
What species has adopted to a high salt concentration?
Staphylococcus
33
The number Of cells ____ each generation
Double (1=2, 2=4, 3=8)
34
Define batch culture
Liquid medium with closed system
35
Define continuous culture
Fresh medium continually added, supports prolonged medium
36
What is Plasmolysis?
Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution
37
What are the 3 domains?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
38
What is the size of bacteria?
0.5 -3 mm
39
What is the size of eukanya?
10-20 mm
40
Describe bacteria
Prokaryote Single cell filament Has cell wall
41
Describe Archaea
Prokaryote Lack peptidoglycan “Extremophiles” No pathogen
42
Describe extremophile
lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.
43
Describe Protozoa
Eukaryote Motile Single cell Free living Parasitic
44
Describe Algae
Eukaryote Has Chloroplasts Conducts photosynthesis Contains cellulose
45
Describe fungi
Eukaryote Absorbs nutrients Contain chitin and b glucan Single cell filament Can cause disease
46
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
Do not normally cause disease but can Under some circumstances
47
Limit of resolution: Unaided human eye Light microscope TEM
150-200 mm 200 mm 10 pm
48
Describe an acidic dye
A salt, chromophore is an anion
49
What is a basic dye
A salt, chromophore is an cation
50
What is a mordant?
May be used to hold the stain or coat specimen to enlarge it
51
Describe a gram (+) bacteria
Multiple layers of peptidoglycan Killed by penicillin NO membrane Contain LPS (endotoxin) Stain purple
52
Describe gram (-)
Single layer of peptidoglycan Stains pink Has LPS and Outer Membrane Resistant to antibiotics
53
Describe an acid fast stain
Carbolfuschian stain mycolic Acid (Red) Ex: mycobacterium tuberculosis and leprae
54
Describe a Spore Stain
Malachite Green+heat stain spore coat (blue/green) Ex: bacillus and clostridium species
55
Define pathogen:
Any bacterium, virus, or fungus that cause disease
56
Describe BSL 1
Organisms do not typically cause disease, cause minimal threats
57
Describe BSL 2
Commonly encountered in community, moderate threat
58
Define microbiota:
Collection of bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic microbes colonizing the body (beneficial)
59
What is the Germ theory? What is the competing theory?
Germ theory specific disease is caused by specific organisms Competing theory; disease is caused by miasmas (night air from rotting organic matter)
60
What are the symptoms of cholera?
Watery, diarrhea, vomiting, Leg cramps, loss of bodily fluids, dehydration in shock
61
What species cause the bubonic plague
Yersenia pestis
62
What species causes leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae and lepromatosis
63
What is ID50?
Bacteria needed to cause disease symptoms in 50%
64
What is LD50?
Bacteria required to kill 50% of a group
65
What is the species that causes small pox?
Variola magor
66
Describe antiseptic
Chemicals that kill microbes
67
What was the first antibiotic? What species did it grow from
Penicillin grows from Staphylococcus aerus
68
What are 90% of mass living organisms made of?
Hydrogen, phosphorous, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, carbon
69
What is a covalent bond?
When 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
70
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
When both atoms have similar electronegativities, the electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally
71
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond with unequal icon sharing because the molecule has partial positive and negative poles
72
Define hydrophilic
Compounds that are ionic or polar themselves to dissolve in water, (water loving)
73
Define hydrophobic
Compounds that are nonpolar and do not dissolve in water (water fearing)
74
Where is a ketone located?
Within C skeleton
75
Where is an aldehyde located?
At the end
76
Define vector
Transmission through an anime, Reservoir contaminated, food, water, air, or object
77
Transcription does what
Copies a gene from DNA into mRNA
78
Transcription begins at the ______ sands stops at the _______
Promoter Terminator
79
What are the 3 steps of transcription, describe each
1. Initiation (RNA polymerase binds to promoter) 2. Elongation : RNA chain is extended 3. Termination: RNA polymerase detaches from DNA at the terminator sequence
80
What is translation?
The synthesis of protein (amino acids) guided by the template mRNA nucleotides
81
mRNA is translated into _____
Codons
82
What is the start codon of m RNA?
AUG (MET)
83
Translation of mRNA ends at what codons?
UAA, UAG, AGA (stop)
84
How many degenerate codons are there?
64
85
What are the small and large subunits of mRNA?
30S And 50S
86
What is the difference between Hypotonic and hypertonic
The main difference between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions is that isotonic solutions are solutions having equal osmotic pressures, while hypotonic solutions are solutions having a lower osmotic pressure and hypertonic solutions are solutions with a high osmotic pressure
87
Describe and define Operon
A set of genes rebar share single mRNA and is controlled by single promoter and biochemical process Rare in eukaryote
88
What are the 3 proteins lac operon encoded
Lac Z- b galactosidase Lac Y- lactose permease Lac A
89
Lac operon Glucose Lactose Transcription + - ? + + ? - - ? - + ?
None Low None Strong
90
Describe and define Light Dependent reactions
Phosphorylation Light energy converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
91
Describe and Define Light Dependent Reactions
Carbon fixation ATP and NADPH reduces CO2 to sugar
92
Define photosynthesis
Fix CO2, reduced and condensed to sugar
93
Define nitrogen fixation
Converts N2 to bioavailable NH3 and 4
94
What is known to fix nitrogen?
No eukaryote, some prokaryote (CYANOBACTERIA)
95
What is the most common monosaccharide ?
Glucose (C6 H12 O6)
96
What is the carbonyl group for glucose
C—C== O
97
Define Oligosaccharides Polysaccharide
2-20 monosaccharides 10’s or 100’s monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis (Ex: starchy, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)
98
What are the 3 most biologically important lipids
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
99
Describe: saturated fats Unsaturated fats
Saturated fats: no double bond Unsaturated fats: double bond (Cis and Trans)
100
What do sterols do?
Reinforce membrane
101
Describe: Animals Bacteria Plants Fungi 1. cell wall 2. Reinforcing agent 3. Do they conduct photosynthesis
Animals: no cell wall, cholesterol, no Bacteria: peptidoglycan, hapanoids, yes Plants: cellulose, phytosteols, yes Fungi: chitin, ergersterol, no
102
pH measures what? Increasing [H+] increase what? Increasing [OH+] increase what?
Acidity Alkalinity
103
1st engulfment event: aerobic respiration——> ______ 2nd engulfment event: photosynthesis——> _____
Mitochondria Chloroplasts
104
Cell shape: Coccus Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum
Spherical/ovoid Cylindrical/rod Curved rod, comma shape Spiral shape
105
Arrangements: Diplo Staphlylo Strepto
Pairs Clusters Chains
106
What causes lymes disease
Burrelia borgderfiri
107
Bacterial cells move by
Pilus, flagella, fimbraes
108
Ribosomes in Eukarya Bacteria
- 80S in cytoplasm, 70S in organelles 50S large subunit 30s small subunit
109
What is the temp of mesophiles
15-45° Optimum 20-40
110
What are the 4 phases of logarithm
1. Log 2. Lag 3. Stationary 4. Deaths

Exam 3 And Final Microbiology (10 decks)

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