Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP2 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

HPG axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which hormones on the HPG axis are tropic

A

GnRH, LH, FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

positive feedback disfavors

A

balance, equilibrium, homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of positive feedback loops

A

childbirth, menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most important control system of endocrine

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

posterior pituitary tissue

A

nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anterior pituitary tissue

A

epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is posterior or anterior pituitary part of the brain

A

posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where did the anterior pituitary come from

A

piece of epithelial from mouth during fusion during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

since anterior pituitary is not of nervous regions, neurons….

A

do not go into

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

no physical connection between anterior pituitary and

A

brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

neurons that release hormones synapse with

A

bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does “A” show up in the feedback loops

A

neuronal hormone release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypothalamus to pituitary

A

infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hypophysis

A

hypothalamus, pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

supraoptic nucleus

A

above optic chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

important nucleus

A

supraoptic, arcuate (AN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

GnRH released by

A

hypothalamus, AN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GnRH stimulates

A

FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vesicles that contain GnRH synapse on

A

superior hypophyseal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

half life of GnRH

A

3 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

half life of FSH

A

22 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

half life og LH

A

20 mins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

half life of testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

A

45, 30, 66

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why do hormones have different half life times

A

to ensure that the last hormone in the negative feedback loop gets the last word and the process is complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how many follicles mature

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

all reproductive cells in women are made

A

at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how many eggs ovulated each month

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where are ovarian hormones produced

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

corpus luteum

A

“destroyed” egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

implantation/development happens anywhere but the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy

A

lower abdominal pain on one side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

uterine and ovarian cycles are synchronized but

A

independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

thickness of ___ changes throughout the menstrual cycle

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

menopause

A

last menstrual cycle someone has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

first week of cycle called

A

menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

menarche

A

very first menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

during menstruation, the endometrium

A

thins, sheds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

days 1-14

A

pre-ovulatory phase, follicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what happens in follicular stage

A

follicle develops, matures on day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

days 14-28

A

post-ovulatory phase, luteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what happens during luteal phase

A

hormones are produced by corpus lute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

when is FSH more abundant

A

first week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

FSH–>–>_____

A

androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

precursor for when LH acts

A

androstenedione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

FSH primary job

A

stimulate follicle growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

when does LH spike

A

day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

LH primary job female

A

ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

LH–>–>______

A

aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

____+____=estrogen

A

androstenedione, aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

estrogen inhibits

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

day 14

A

ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

when is estrogen very abundant

A

day 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

on day 14, estrogen causes a negative or positive feedback loop

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

estrogen positive feedback loop stimulates more of which hormones

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

after ovulation, hormones are now produced by

A

corpus lute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what prevents the body from ending the cycle

A

little estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

when the ovary can’t produce progesterone what happens

A

infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

fertility window

A

days 9-16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

how long do sperm live

A

3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

how long do eggs last

A

12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what day is the chance of conception the highest

A

day 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

why are days 12013 prime fertile days

A

sperm has time to get to fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

most fertile day is ___ days before ovulation

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

chance of conception decreases in the beginning or end of cycle

A

end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

how does birth control work

A

3 weeks of progesterone, makes body think its pregnant, no ovulation
last week, no hormones, triggers period to let you know you aren’t pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

menstruation happens at the same time as the ___ spike

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

spermatogenesis

A

process by which sperm develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

where is sperm developed

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

outer layer of seminiferous tubules is similar to

A

stem cells of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

new layers of seminiferous tubules are pushed inward or outward

A

inward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

the core of the seminiferous tubules contains new or old cells

A

old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

DNA needs to be replicated before

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

how many chromosomes do we have

A

46

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

chromosomes: ____: 46–>92–>46

A

mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

mitosis end result is _____ daughter cells, ___ copy of DNA

A

2 identical, full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

meiosis end result is ____ daughter cells, ___ copy of DNA

A

4 non identical, half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

chromosomes: ___: 46–>92

A

meiosis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

chromosomes: ___: 46–>23

A

meiosis 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

meiosis is exclusively used for

A

gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

how much DNA is in one single cell

A

6 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

all DNA in the body can go (length)

A

to the sun 16 times and back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what wraps around DNA to coil it

A

histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

how much sperm is released during ejaculation

A

80-300 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

nucleus rocket

A

sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

sperm head parts

A

acrosome, nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

acrosome

A

enzymes in a liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

degrades the outside protective layer of the egg

A

acrosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

most important part of sperm

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

sperm mid piece

A

mitochondria, energy for propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

sperm tail for

A

propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

fertilization purpose is to get

A

2 gametes to combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

fertilization occurs in

A

fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

generalized acrosomal process

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

fertilization step 1

A

sperm makes contact with egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

fertilization step 2

A

acrosome reacts with zona pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

fertilization step 3

A

acrosome reacts with perivitelline space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

fertilization step 4

A

plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

fertilization step 5

A

sperm nucleus enters egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

fertilization step 6

A

cortical granules fuse with egg plasma membrane which renders the vitelline later impenetrable to sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

how many nucleotides in the genome

A

3.2 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

how many total genes

A

20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

we share 80% of our genes with ___ and 98% with ____

A

banana, chimpanzee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

where else can DNA be found

A

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what DNA is in the mitochondria

A

the mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

we all descended from

A

“mitochondrial Eve”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

how we describe the number of pregnancies for a person

A

gravida and para

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

gravida

A

total # of pregnancies including current one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

para

A

of pregnancies that lasted > 20 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

para includes

A

live births, still births, miscarriages, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

what contracts during labor

A

myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

what part of the sperm enters the egg

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

how many days left to implant after ovulation

A

14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

when does implantation happen

A

6-12 days after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

implantation most likely to happen

A

8-9 days after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

pregnancy is maintained by what hormone

A

hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

119
Q

how long is each trimester

A

13 weeks

120
Q

conceptual age

A

age of the fetus itself

121
Q

how long is full term conceptual age

A

38 weeks

122
Q

gestational age

A

includes 2 weeks up to conception

123
Q

how long is full term gestational age

A

40 weeks

124
Q

fertilization can only happen with

A

ovulation

125
Q

when does fertilization happen

A

12-24 hours after ovulation

126
Q

____ tells uterus to start cycle over

A

decline in progesterone

127
Q

what hormone do we want high in pregnancy

A

hCG

128
Q

why should progesterone be high in pregnancy

A

so the uterus keeps the endometrium

129
Q

what hormone controls progesterone levels during pregnancy

A

hCG

130
Q

when does hCG start to control

A

4-5 days after implantation

131
Q

hCG tells the corpus luteum to

A

keep producing progesterone

132
Q

ovarian-placental shift

A

period of time when placenta starts making the hormones

133
Q

when does the ovarian-placental shift happen

A

around 5 weeks

134
Q

why do women get morning sickness

A

increase in hCG

135
Q

why is morning sickness an evolutionary advantage

A

telling women to not eat what makes them nauseous because this is when the brain is developing

136
Q

morning sickness coincides with

A

brain development

137
Q

hormone that produces milk

A

prolactin

138
Q

breast milk released by

A

smooth muscle

139
Q

uterine and mammary gland smooth muscle have extra sensitivity for what hormone

A

oxytocin

140
Q

oxytocin job

A

contract smooth muscle

141
Q

when does oxytocin spike

A

towards the end

142
Q

why is it oxytocin that causes contractions/milk release

A

begins the emotional bond between mom and baby

143
Q

pregnancy tests detect

A

hCG

144
Q

how does a pregnancy test work

A

diffusion:
first part encounters antibodies that will bind to hCG
first line is test line, has another anchored antibody that binds when hCG is present creating a sandwich
second line is control line, different antibody to show the test works

145
Q

why is the control line in a pregnancy test second

A

lets us know the urine sample passed

146
Q

why is hCG in blood

A

kidneys do not reabsorb hormones

147
Q

hCG is measured

A

quantitatively

148
Q

which 2 numbers are hCG measured in

A

5, 25

149
Q

hCG under 5

A

not pregnant

150
Q

hCG over 25

A

pregnant

151
Q

hCG between 5 and 25

A

possible pregnancy

152
Q

critical development between weeks 3-16

A

brain

153
Q

sexual differentiation occurs in what week

A

7

154
Q

before 7th week, default gender is

A

female

155
Q

what is the signal that happens in week 7 to develop into male

A

testosterone

156
Q

SRY

A

sex determining region of the Y chromosome

157
Q

if the fetus has Y chromosome, it has a functioning ___ in week 7

A

SRY

158
Q

labioscrotal swelling becomes ___ in females, ___ in males

A

labia, scrotum

159
Q

labia and scrotum are

A

analogous

160
Q

median raphe

A

line from underside of penis to scrotum
developmental scar from fusion

161
Q

if the mom is exposed to testosterone during week 7 what happens

A

baby will have male parts
can be biologically female XX but have the parts of a male

162
Q

FSH biggest spike around day

A

7

163
Q

GnRH releasing speeds and days

A

slow 1-7, rapid 14-21ish, slow 21-28

164
Q

estrogen spike day

A

12-14ish

165
Q

progesterone gradually increases which days

A

14-28

166
Q

critical development weeks for brain/spinal cord

A

week 3-16

167
Q

critical development weeks for heart

A

week 3-6

168
Q

critical development weeks for arms/legs

A

end of 3-6

169
Q

critical development for ears

A

4-mid 12

170
Q

critical development for eyes

A

4.5-8

171
Q

critical development for teeth

A

6.5-10

172
Q

critical development for palate

A

6-12

173
Q

critical development for external genetalia

A

7-12

174
Q

vulva parts

A

mons pubis, labia minora and majora

175
Q

vestibule parts

A

urethral and vaginal openings

176
Q

how menstrual blood and babies leave the body, how sperm gets in

A

vagina

177
Q

each ovary lives in

A

tunica albuginea

178
Q

germinal epithelium

A

cuboidal epithelial cells, peritoneum

179
Q

houses developing egg

A

ovarian cortex

180
Q

ovarian medulla

A

blood vessels and nerves

181
Q

gametes are haploid or diploid

A

haploid

182
Q

fertilized egg haploid or diploid

A

diploid

183
Q

follicles structure varies depending on

A

how mature it is

184
Q

tiny sac like structures that each hold a primary oocyte and supporting cells

A

ovarian follicles

185
Q

incomplete protoegg

A

oocyte

186
Q

how many primordial follicles are females born with

A

about 1 million

187
Q

oogenesis

A

egg maturation

188
Q

when does oogenesis begin

A

puberty

189
Q

menstrual cycle happens where and why

A

in the uterus to prepare for a fertilized egg

190
Q

ovarian cycle purposes

A

maturation of follicle and egg, drives menstrual cycle

191
Q

primordial follicles into

A

late-tertiary follicles

192
Q

atresia

A

programmed self-destruction

193
Q

which cycle ripens egg and secretes sex hormones

A

ovarian

194
Q

which cycle prepares the uterus to capture and nourish any mature fertilized egg

A

menstrual

195
Q

what secretes GnRH

A

hypothalamus

196
Q

LH works on oocyte that is

A

dormant inside the follicle

197
Q

after 14 days, follicle is mature. how is the egg released

A

pushes up against the ovary wall, ruptures, enzymes help it breach the wall and eject oocyte

198
Q

after egg is released follicle becomes

A

corpus luteum

199
Q

fallopian tube made of

A

smooth muscle, mucosa layer

200
Q

how long are the fallopian tubes

A

10 cm

201
Q

are the fallopian tubes and ovaries directly attached

A

no

202
Q

space between fallopian tube and ovary

A

peritoneal cavity

203
Q

hollow, thick walled, stretchable organ

A

uterus

204
Q

uterus sits anterior to ___, posterosuperior to ____

A

rectum, bladder

205
Q

uterus support: lateral

A

mesometrium

206
Q

uterus support: inferior

A

cardinal ligaments

207
Q

uterus support: posterior

A

uterosacral ligaments

208
Q

uterus support: anterior

A

fibrous round ligaments

209
Q

outside layer of uterus

A

perimetrium

210
Q

bulky smooth muscle layer of uterus

A

myometrium

211
Q

inner mucosal layer of uterus

A

endometrium

212
Q

2 parts of endometrium

A

stratum functionalis
stratum basalts

213
Q

where does the embryo settle

A

endometrium

214
Q

how long is the uterus receptive to implantation

A

about a week

215
Q

menstrual phase

A

shedding, stimulated by estrogen and progesterone, 10 days after ovulation

216
Q

proliferative phase

A

FSH and LH from anterior pituitary rise again, stimulate next round of follicles, estrogen
days 6-14
rebuild endometrium

217
Q

secretory phase

A

ruptured follicle forms in corpus lute

218
Q

secretory phase if no fertilization

A

stops producing progesterone, endometrium starts to shed, process restarts

219
Q

secretory phase if fertilization

A

pulse of progesterone from corpus triggers more thickening of the functional layer of endometrium

220
Q

responsible for making male gametes, sperm, androgen

A

testicles

221
Q

testicles outside abdominal cavity is located

A

scrotum

222
Q

each testicle divided into ____ lobules

A

250

223
Q

sperm factories

A

seminiferous tubules

224
Q

sertoli cells

A

sustentocytes, nourish developing sperm egg

225
Q

leydig cells

A

secrete testosterone

226
Q

FSH triggers ___ to produce testosterone

A

leydig cells

227
Q

FSH triggers ____ to produce ABP

A

Sertoli cells

228
Q

___ binds to testosterone, creating a large concentration and triggers production of sperm

A

ABP

229
Q

targets of testosterone

A

outermost cells of the tubules

230
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cells that set the spem making process in motion

231
Q

type a spermatogonia

A

stay near basal lamina, keep dividing

232
Q

type b spermatogonia

A

pushed down tubule towards lumen to primary spermatocytes

233
Q

males: meiosis 1 forms

A

2 smaller haploid cells, secondary spermatocytes

234
Q

males: meiosis 2 forms

A

4 round spermatids

235
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatid elongates, grow tail, becomes mobile

236
Q

mature male can produce ___ sperm a second

A

1500

237
Q

seminiferous tubules are surrounded by ___ cells

A

myoid

238
Q

myoid cells

A

use peristalsis to squeeze sperm and fluid towards their destinatin

239
Q

sperm leaves testes through

A

epididymus

240
Q

bulk of epididymus

A

enormous duct

241
Q

stereocilia

A

in bulk of epididymus, provide surface area

242
Q

after epididymus duct, enter ____, gain ____

A

inferior epididymus, mitochondria

243
Q

what activates sperm mobility

A

granular secretions

244
Q

sperm flow with ejaculation

A

epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, prostate gland, urethra

245
Q

semen

A

sperm, testicular fluid, gland secretions

246
Q

semen functions

A

transportation, nutritional energy, chemical protection, motility

247
Q

small hollow glands behind bladder, secrete slightly alkaline fluid that contains coagulating enzymes, fructose and other things to nourish and transport sperm

A

seminal vesicles

248
Q

seminal vesicle fluid decreases viscosity of females ____, triggers reverse peristalsis of the ____, helps draw sperm towards reproductive tract

A

cervical mucous, uterus

249
Q

prostate gland location

A

encircles urethra inferior to the bladder

250
Q

prostate gland function

A

contract to squeeze own special secretion into urethra

251
Q

pea sized gland below prostate

A

bulbourethral

252
Q

bulbourethral gland function

A

secrete clear mucus that trains the urethra to clear out any acidic urine prior to ejaculation

253
Q

penis hangs from

A

perineum

254
Q

penile shaft ends in

A

enlarged tip, glans penis

255
Q

2 layers of erectile tissue

A

corpus cavernous, corpus spongiosum

256
Q

erectile tissue function

A

fill with blood during sexual arousal

257
Q

we are ___ times taller than we started out as a zygote

A

850

258
Q

cleavage stage

A

cells cleave (split) over and over

259
Q

when does the cleavage stage occur

A

24 hours after fertilization

260
Q

blastomere

A

what the cells split into

261
Q

3 days after fertilization, cells form

A

morula

262
Q

morula is latin for

A

mulberry

263
Q

marks the end of cleavage stage

A

morula formation

264
Q

morula starts to form hollow sphere filled with fluid called

A

blastocyst

265
Q

blastocyst outer layer

A

trophoblast

266
Q

trophoblast goes on to form

A

placenta, blood vessels

267
Q

inner layer blastocyst

A

cell mass

268
Q

inner cell mass of morula becomes

A

embryo

269
Q

blastocyst reaches uterus and floats for a few days to

A

soak up secretions

270
Q

implantation is only possible with surges of

A

estrogen and progesterone from corpus lutes

271
Q

hCG bypasses the ___ axis

A

HPO

272
Q

organ that only appears during pregnancy

A

placenta

273
Q

placenta is created by

A

melding of both maternal and embryonic tissues

274
Q

placenta and umbilical cord provide

A

direct transfer of nutrients, hormones, waste between mother and offspring

275
Q

embryonic stage

A

blastocyst differentiates into various cell types and develops into embryo

276
Q

called a fetus at what week

A

end of 8

277
Q

baby bump compresses pelvic blood vessels, can cause

A

inability to bring blood up from lower limbs, swelling, varicose veins, hemorrhoids

278
Q

relaxin is secreted by

A

placenta

279
Q

relaxin

A

loosens joints and ligaments to increase stability

280
Q

human placental lactose (hPL) secreted by

A

placenta

281
Q

hPL function

A

tells fetus to grow, breasts ready to lactate, tells mothers body to hoard glucose for baby

282
Q

why is urine production increased during pregnancy

A

kidneys have to process waste from the fetus

283
Q

blood volume can increase by ___ in pregnant women

A

40%

284
Q

cardiovascular system working more can cause

A

gums to swell and bleed, fluid retention, cornea shape changes and blurred vision

285
Q

parturition

A

process of giving birth

286
Q

as due date appears, sudden decrease in ____, ___ takes over

A

progesterone, estrogen

287
Q

estrogen prepares uterus to start receiving new chemical signals by

A

triggering myometrial cells to srart making receptors for oxytocin

288
Q

the fetus produces extra surfactant protein a few weeks before birth which

A

inflames the cervix making it softer

289
Q

cells in the fetus release oxytocin which tells placenta ro release

A

prostaglandins

290
Q

which 2 hormones stimulate the uterine muscles to start contractng

A

oxytocin, prostaglandins

291
Q

3 stages of labor

A

dilation, expulsion, placental

292
Q

dilation stage

A

contractions until cervix is 10 cm

293
Q

expulsion stage

A

full dilation through crowning and delivery

AP2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions