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A&P 1 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Define neuronal pool

A

Single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in a pool

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2
Q

what are the types of neuronal pools?

A

Diverging
Converging
Reverberation
Parallel after-discharge

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3
Q

which type of neuronal pool has one input and outputs?

A

diverging

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4
Q

what type of neuronal pool is many inputs and outputs?

A

converging

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5
Q

what type of neuronal pool are many signals traveling through a chain of neurons each feeding back previous neurons?

A

reverberating

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6
Q

what type of neuronal pools are signal stimulates neurons in parallel arrays that eventually converge on a single output cell?

A

parallel

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7
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in autonomic neurons?

A

Autonomic pathways release both acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) as neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in somatic neurons?

A

somatic pathway’s motor neurons just use ACh.

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9
Q

what is released at neuromuscular junctions by some ANS neurons & cNS neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

what is the Neurotransmitter regulating mood and sleep?

A

seretonin

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11
Q

what is found in substantial nigra
and often associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

dopamine

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12
Q

what are the steps of the action potential?

A
  1. Resting state: no ions move through voltage-gated channels
  2. Depolarization: is caused by Na+ flowing into the cell
  3. Repolarization: is caused by K+ flowing out of the cell
  4. Hyperpolarization: is caused by K+ continuing to leave cell
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13
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Is a Watery solution formed from blood plasma

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14
Q

what does the choroid plexus produce?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

what is the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures

CSF flows through the subarachnoid space

CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid villi

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16
Q

What are the cerebrospinal functions?

A

Give buoyancy to CNS structure

Protects CNS from blows and other trauma

Nourishes brain and carries the chemical signal

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17
Q

what are bundles of neuron processes in CNS?

A

tracts

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18
Q

what are bundles of neuron processes in PNS?

A

nerve

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19
Q

What lies along nerves in PNS and are Cell bodies together?

A

Ganglia

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20
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input: information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

Integration: processing and interpretation of sensory input

Motor output: Activation of effector organs( muscles and glands) produces a response

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21
Q

What are the small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

What are the neuroglia types?

A

Astrocytes(CNS)

Microglial cells (CNS)

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Satellite cells(PNS)

Schwann(PNS)

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23
Q

What are the most abundant neuroglia cells that :
Guide the migration of young neurons (cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries)

Support and brace neurons

Controls chemical environment around neurons

A

Astrocytes(CNS)

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24
Q

What is the neuroglia cell type that migrates toward injured neurons?

A

Microglial cells (CNS)

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25
what neuroglia cell type forms a permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells?
Ependymal cell
26
what neuroglia cell type forms insulating myelin sheaths thicker nerve fibers(helps transmit the electricity)?
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
27
what neuroglia cell type forms insulating myelin sheaths thicker nerve fibers(helps transmit the electricity)?
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
28
What type of neuroglia cells is surrounding neuron cell bodies in PNS and are Functional similar to astrocytes of CNS?
Satellite cells(PNS)
29
What type of neuroglia cells have similar functions as oligodendrocytes and Individual cells?
Schwann(PNS)
30
What Lie between motor & sensory neurons, shuttle signals through CNS pathways and are mostly found in CNS?
interneurons
31
What is a Whitis protein-lipoid substance?
myelin
32
What is the function of myelin?
Protects and electrically insulates the axon Increases speed of nerve impulse transmission
33
How does myelin impact the conduction rate?
Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses more slowly
34
what conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors?
motor neurons
35
What conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle?
somatic sensory fibers
36
What Nervous system regulates smooth muscle cardiac and glands?
Autonomic nervous system
37
What conveys impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS?
somatic sensory fibers
38
What conveys impulses from visceral organs to CNS?
Visceral sensory fibers
39
What does the Central nervous system consist of?
brain & spinal cord Integrative and control centers
40
What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves Communication between the CNS and the rest of the body
41
What does the sensory afferent division consist of?
Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers Conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS
42
What does the motor(efferent) division contain?
Motor nerve fibers Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
43
what does the autonomic nervous system do?
Visceral motor(involuntary) Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
44
What does the sympathetic division do?
Mobilizes body systems during activity
45
What does the parasympathetic division do?
Conserves energy Promotes housekeeping functions during rest
46
What responds to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue?
Proprioceptors
47
What are thermoreceptors?
Sensitive to changes in temperature
48
what allows for relaying information derived from blood pressure within the autonomic nervous system?
Baroreceptors
49
what responds to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry?
Chemoreceptors
50
what are the reflex arc processes?
1.Receptor: site of stimulus action 2. Sensory neuron: transmits afferent impulses to CNS 3:Integration center: either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS 4.Motor neuron: conduct efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ 5.Effector: muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
51
What does the ventral root contain?
Axons for motor neurons - cell bodies of motor neurons are in the gray matter of the spinal cord - anterior horn - merge w/dorsal root to form a spinal nerve
52
what does the dorsal root contain?
Axons for sensory neurons - merges with w/ventral root to form the spinal nerve
53
what does the cauda equina contain?
"Horses Tail" - spinal nerves exiting off the end of the spinal cord
54
what does the filum terminal do?
anchors conus medullaris to the coccyx
55
What are acquired reflexes?
Learned reflexes result from practice or repetition
56
what activates visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)?
Autonomic reflexes
57
What is an innate reflex?
Genetically determined
58
What control actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands?
Visceral reflex
59
What does the somatic activate?
Activate skeletal muscles
60
what is Transection between T1 and L1?
paraplegia
61
Which layer is the strongest meninx, Two layers of fibrous connective tissue (around the brain) separate to form dural venous sinuses.
dura mater
62
What is the Middle layer with web-like extensions Separated from dura mater by subdural space?
Arachnoid mater
63
What is the innermost layer, and delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain?
Pia mater
64
What is the area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve?
Dermatome
65
What are the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs?
Cervical enlargement
66
What Innervates hamstrings muscles adductor magnus?
Sciatic nerve
67
What does the stretch reflex maintain?
Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles and adjusts it reflexively
68
What does the spinothalamic tract do?
Transmit pain temperature coarse touch and pressure impulses within the lateral spinothalamic tract
69
What conveys information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum? (Ventral and dorsal tracts)
Spinocerebellar tract
70
What tract maintains balance?
Vestibulospinal tract
71
what tract controls flexor muscles?
Rubrospinal tract
72
what is the cerebellum function?
Allows smooth, coordinated movements Role in thinking language and emotion
73
Where is the thalamus located?
superior to the hypothalamus.
74
what is the thalamus function?
Motor Control Receives Auditory, Somatosensory and Visual Sensory Signals Relays Sensory Signals to the Cerebral Cortex
75
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls autonomic functions Relays nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord
76
Where is the Medulla oblongata located?
The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem. It is inferior to the pons and anterior to the cerebellum.
77
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain
78
Where is the corpus callosum located?
the corpus callosum is a thick band of fibers located between the cerebral hemispheres
79
What is the Diencephalon location?
A region of the forebrain located below the thalamus, forming the basal portion of the diencephalon
80
What is the function of the Diencephalon?
regulate body temperature, some metabolic processes, and govern the autonomic nervous system.
81
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Regulates body temperature Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones Regulates water balance and thirst Regulates sleep-wake cycles Controls endocrine system
82
Where is the hypothalamus located?
below the thalamus and posterior to the optic chiasma.
83
what is the pons function?
Arousal Assists in Controlling Autonomic Functions Relays Sensory Information between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum Sleep
84
Where is the pons located?
is the portion of the brainstem that is superior to the medulla oblongata.
85
What are functions of the midbrain?
Controls responses to the sight Eye movement Pupils dilation Body movement Hearing
86
Where is the midbrain located?
between the forebrain and brainstem
87
What are the upside-down characters that represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions?
Motor homunculi
88
What are the upside-down characters represent contralateral sensory input from the body?
sensory homunculi
89
What lobe is the visual processing center?
occipital lobe
90
Where is the occipital lobe located?
dorsal to the brain
91
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Controls personality and communication (important cognitive skills)
92
where is the frontal lobe located?
anterior to the parietal lobe, superior & anterior to the temporal lobe
93
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
primary auditory perception
94
where is the temporal lobe located?
lateral to the brain
95
What are Paired anterior nuclei &Olfactory relay stations?
Mammillary bodies
96
What is the Stalk that connects to pituitary gland ?
infundibulum
97
what is the function of Extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin?
pineal gland
98
where is the pineal gland?
Base of brain below hypothalamus
99
what is these functions match with: Controls learned repetitious or patterned motor skills Coordinates simulation or sequential actions Controls voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
premotor cortex
100
What allows conscious control of precise skilled skeletal muscle movements?
Primary Motor Cortex
101
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus is located:
hypothalamus
102
What regulates sleep-wake cycles?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
103
What regulates sleep-wake cycles?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A&P 1 (1 decks)

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