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A&P > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

most wavelengths of visible light activate more than one type of cone T/F

A

true

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2
Q

different types of cones have different forms of

A

opsin

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3
Q

near sightedness is associated with

A

too much refraction

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4
Q

the perception of color comes from

A

cones

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5
Q

which have a greater number of photopigments

A

rods

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6
Q

which is quicker?
light or dark adaptation

A

light adaptation

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7
Q

the fovea centralis has

A

only cones

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8
Q

the highest concentration of mitochondria in a photoreceptor is found in the

A

inner segment

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9
Q

which nerve innervates the ciliary muscle of the eye

A

oculomotor nerve

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10
Q

which receptor for epinephrine would you find on the ciliary muscle of the eye

A

the beta 2 adrenergic receptor

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11
Q

which receptor for the parasympathetic nervous system would you find on the ciliary muscle of the eye

A

the M3 muscarininc receptor

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12
Q

of the cells in the retina, action potentials can be fired by

A

ganglion cells only

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13
Q

humans perceive different wavelengths of visible light as different ____

A

colors

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14
Q

aging is associated with a loss of ____ fibers throughout the body, including the lens of the eye

A

elastic

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15
Q

what is the name of the photopigment in the human eye and what are the two components of this photopigment?

A

rhodopsin- protein (opsin)
ligand (retinal)

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16
Q

what three things happen during dark adaptation, which of these occur the fastest and slowest

A

fastest- pupil dilates

functional circuitry of the brain changes so that the brain starts paying attention to rods

slowest- the all-trans retinal from the robs is converted back to 11-cis retinal in the pigmented retina

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17
Q

________________ are active in high light conditions.

A

cones

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18
Q

When light passes into a slower medium it is bend toward an angle ______________________ to the interface between the media.

A

perpendicular

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19
Q

for near vision

A

the ciliary muscles contract and the lens gets fatter

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20
Q

Photopigment is found in the ________________________________ of a photoreceptor.

A

outersegment

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21
Q

The phosphodiesterase in the photoreceptor that is involved in light signal transduction

A

converts cGMP into GMP

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22
Q

there are no photoreceptors in the

A

optic disc

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23
Q

the most refraction of light occurs when light passes through the

A

cornea

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24
Q

wavelengths of light that are __ by an object can be detected by our photoreceptors when we look at the object

A

reflected

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25
Q

contraction of the ciliary muscles in the eye causes the suspensory ligaments to

A

pull less on the lens

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26
Q

humans can only detect a very small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum T/F

A

true

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27
Q

the ciliary muscle of the eye is primarily innervated by which branch of the nervous system

A

parasympathetic

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28
Q

the stress response leads to enhanced

A

far-vision

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29
Q

which cells in the retina would light hit first

A

the ganglion cells

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30
Q

the image that focuses on our retina is upside down and backwards T/F

A

true

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31
Q

the fovea centralis is a pit in the retina T/F

A

true

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32
Q

at the optic chiasm

A

all axons from ganglion cells on the medial side of the retina cross to the contralateral side of the brain

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33
Q

the cochlear ducts is filled with ____ which is high in ____

A

endolymph, potassium

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34
Q

put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency in an off-center ganglion cell
a. light hits only the receptive field center
b. light hits only the receptive field surround
c. light hits the whole receptive field

A

B,C,A

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35
Q

put the following in order from when you would have the highest action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency in an on-center ganglion cell
a. light hits only the receptive field center
b. light hits only the receptive field surround
c. light hits the whole receptive field

A

A,C,B

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36
Q

an on center ganglion cell has a red cone center and a blue cone surround. put in order what would have the action potential frequency to the lowest action potential frequency
a. no light in shone on the receptive field
b. red light is shone over the entire receptive field
c. violet light is shone over the entire receptive field
d. white light is shone over the entire receptive field

A

B,A,D,C

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37
Q

the scala vestibuli and the Scala tympani are connected at the ____ which is at the apex of the cochlea

A

helicotrema

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38
Q

what is produced by the ceruminous glands

A

ear wax, modified sebum

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39
Q

ganglion cells synapse in which thalamic nucleus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

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40
Q

what is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor on on-center bipolar cells, what type of receptor is it

A

mGluR6
Gi protein coupled receptor

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41
Q

what is the abbreviation for the glutamate receptor in off-center bipolar cells, what type of receptor is it

A

AMPA
non specific cation channel receptor

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42
Q

what is the specific name for the eardrum used in the videos

A

tympanic membrane

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43
Q

what is the name of the membrane separating the middle and inner ear that is in contact with one of the auditory ossicles

A

oval window

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44
Q

what are the two terms used in the lecture for the part of the external ear that is visible when looking at a person

A

auricle
pinna

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45
Q

list the auditory ossicles in order from most external to the most internal

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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46
Q

what are two names for the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx , what is the purpose of this tube

A

eustachia tube
auditory tube

equalize pressure between the middle ear and outer ear/ membrane

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47
Q

what is the purpose of the auditory ossicles

A

amplify vibrations in the tympanic membrane onto the oval window

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48
Q

In the light, on-center bipolar cells are

A

depolarized

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49
Q

On-center bipolar cells have

A

mGluR6

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50
Q

The scala tympani is filled with ____________________, which is high in ________________.

A

perilymph, sodium

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51
Q

Which of the following is true?
-all the information from the left visual field is processed on the left side of the brain

-all the information from the left eye is processed on the left side of the brain

-all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain

-all the information from the left eye is processed on the right side of the brain

A

all the information from the left visual field is processed on the right side of the brain

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52
Q

You would see the highest frequency of action potentials in a off-center ganglion cell when there is

A

light in the surround and dark in the center

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53
Q

the visual cortex is in the

A

occipital lobe

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54
Q

glutamate causes off-center bipolar cells to

A

depolarize

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55
Q

glutamate causes on-center bipolar cells to

A

hyperpoalrize

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56
Q

glutamate causes on-center ganglion cells to

A

fire more action potential

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57
Q

all ganglion cells have AMPA receptors T/F

A

true

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58
Q

the organ of corti sits on the

A

basilar membrane

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59
Q

the center-surround relationship in the retina gives us a greater ability to see a lion hiding in the grass T/F

A

true

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60
Q

the basal membrane is

A

wide near the apex and narrow near the base

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61
Q

the semi circular canals are all at right angles to each other T/F

A

true

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62
Q

there are action potentials being fired in vestibular afferents when the stereocilia of a vestibular hair cell are pointing straight up T/F

A

true

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63
Q

there is a form of lateral inhibition I the auditory system T/F

A

true

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64
Q

higher frequency sound waves cause the basilar membrane closer to the _____ to vibrate

A

oval window

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65
Q

our sensation of sound comes from the activation of

A

inner hair cells

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66
Q

when the sterocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest sterocilia

A

the tip links pull on the potassium channels

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67
Q

when the sterocilia of an auditory hair cell are deflected toward the tallest sterocilia

A

the hair cell depolarizes

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68
Q

head tilt is detected in the

A

utricle

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69
Q

the _____ tells you if you are falling

A

saccule

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70
Q

hair cells release

A

glutamate

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71
Q

the sterocilia of auditory hair cells project toward the ____ membrane

A

tectorial

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72
Q

if the semi-circle canal above started to spin in a counter clockwise direction, the sterocilia of the hair cells in the cupola would

A

be deflected to the left

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73
Q

if the semi-circle canal above continued to spin in a counter clockwise direction at the same angle and speed, after a few seconds the the sterocilia of the hair cells in the cupola would

A

not be deflected

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74
Q

if the semi circular canal above suddenly stopped a counter clockwise rotation, the sterocilia of the hair cells in the cupola would

A

be deflected to the right

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75
Q

what brain location is responsible for the reflex of a sudden loud sound causing a person to look toward the sound

A

inferior colliculus

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76
Q

some people feel motion sickness when there is a disconnect between which two senses

A

vision and vestibular

77
Q

what three things does the vestibular system detect

A

head tilt
falling
acceleration

78
Q

what three sense give us our sense of posture and movement

A

vestibular
vision
proprioception

79
Q

what is the purpose of outer hair cells, how does this work

A

they protect the inner hair cells from over stimulation and are important for localizing the vibrations in the basilar membrane for the correct frequency. they do this by pushing up on the tectorial membrane when vibrations are very strong and pushing up on the membrane on either of the area of most vibration

80
Q

Sound waves are waves of compressed and rarefied air. T/F

A

true

81
Q

The stapedius and tensor tympani can protect your auditory hair cells from sudden, loud noises. T/F

A

false

82
Q

Stopping a constant forward motion feels the same to the vestibular system as starting a backward motion. T/F

A

true

83
Q

Opening a potassium channel in a hair cell cause the cell to

A

depolarize

84
Q

The vestibular cortex is in the

A

parietal lobe

85
Q

hair cells can be replaced if they are damaged T/F

A

false

86
Q

hair cells release neurotransmitter/ paracrine agent in bursts in time with the vibrations in the basilar membrane T/F

A

true

87
Q

if you are moving at a constant velocity, your ears give you the sensation that you are not moving T/F

A

true

88
Q

in the utricle, all the hair cells are oriented with their kinocilium toward one side of the body T/F

A

false

89
Q

sound waves are waves of more pressurized and less pressurized air T/F

A

true

90
Q

sound waves are caused by vibrations T/F

A

true

91
Q

the faster something vibrates the ___ the perceived sound

A

higher pitched

92
Q

the larger the pressure between the compressed and rarified air in a sound wave the __ the perceived sound

A

louder

93
Q

vestibular information is used in reflexes to control

A

both eye muscles or postural muscles

94
Q

horizontal acceleration is detected in the

A

utricle

95
Q

activation of odorant receptors leads to activation of protein kinase A and phosphorylation of a non-specific cation channel T/F

A

false

96
Q

most of our sense of taste comes from activation of olfactory receptors T/F

A

true

97
Q

olfactory hairs are normal covered in mucus T/F

A

true

98
Q

one neuron will innervate several skeletal muscle fibers T/F

A

false

99
Q

one skeletal muscle fiber will be innervated by several neurons T/F

A

false

100
Q

one type of odorant receptor will bind more than one type of odorant T/F

A

true

101
Q

one type of odorant will bind to more than one type of odorant T/F

A

true

102
Q

some second order olfactory neurons project directly to the cerebral cortex without synapsing in the thalamus T/F

A

true

103
Q

the mechanism of reals of paracrine agent by taste cells is very similar to the mechanism of neurotransmitter reals from neurons T/F

A

true

104
Q

the primary odorant in bananas and the primary odorant in beaver musk can activate some of the same receptors T/F

A

true

105
Q

receptors for somatic sensation are important to our sense of taste T/F

A

true

106
Q

first order olfactory neurons ___ onto second order neurons

A

converge

107
Q

the fluid in the t-tubules is high in

A

sodium

108
Q

the G olf protein in most similar to

A

G s proteins

109
Q

protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___ channel in umami taste cells

A

calcium

110
Q

phosphorylation of the above channel in the umami taste cell causes the channel to

A

close

111
Q

activation of the umami receptor causes the above channel to be

A

dephosphorylated

112
Q

protein kinase A phosphorylates a ___ channel in sweet taste cells

A

potassium

113
Q

phosphorylation of the above channel in the sweet taste cell causes the channel to

A

close

114
Q

activation of the sweet receptor causes the above channel to be

A

phosphorylated

115
Q

children have a natural aversion to ___. many toxins activate taste receptors for this taste

A

bitter

116
Q

there are the most different type of receptors for

A

bitter

117
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the inferior surface of the tongue

A

the glossopharyngeal nerve

118
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the soft palate and pharynx

A

the vagus nerve

119
Q

what nerve innervates the taste cells on the superior surface of the tongue

A

the facial nerve

120
Q

taste cells are found on / in

A

the palate
the pharynx
the tounge

121
Q

what is the scientific name for taste used in the video

A

gustation

122
Q

what is the scientific name for smell

A

olfaction

123
Q

what is the proposed paracrine agent that is released by taste cells onto their sensory afferent

A

ATP

124
Q

what is the purpose of lingual papillae in humans

A

increase surface area for taste cells

125
Q

what is the purpose of the taste hairs

A

increased surface area for taste protein receptors

126
Q

first order taste afferents synapse in which nucleus in the brain

A

nucleus of the solitary tract

127
Q

second order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in which thalamic nucleus

A

ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus

128
Q

first order olfactory neurons synapse in which area of the brain

A

olfactory bulb

129
Q

what are the two names for the second order neurons in the olfactory pathway

A

tufted cells, mitral cells

130
Q

besides projecting to the cerebral cortex and thalamus, what three other Brain regions can second order olfactory neurons project to? what role foes olfactory information play in each of these regions

A

hippocampus - odor memory
hypothalamus - hunger & sexual arousal in animals
amygdala- emotion aspects of smell

131
Q

what 6 factors affect our olfactory discrimination as mention in the video

A

attentiveness, hunger, biological sex, cigarette smoking, age, state of olfactory murosa

132
Q

what are the four properties of all muscles

A

contract
extensibility
elastic
excitable

133
Q

what are the three proteins found in the thin myofilament

A

actin
tropomyosin
troponin

134
Q

what are the two proteins found in the thick myofilament

A

myosin heavy chain
myosin light chain

135
Q

the myosin head has binding sites for which three molecules

A

myosin light chains
atp/adp
actin

136
Q

A single odorant usually only activates one type of olfactory receptor.
T/F

A

false

137
Q

The bumps you see on your tongue are the taste buds.
T/F

A

false

138
Q

Actin is found in the

A

thin myofilament

139
Q

The best understood receptors for bitter taste are

A

a Gq protein coupled receptor

140
Q

The sweet receptor is

A

a Gs protein coupled receptor

141
Q

there are several scientific studies to show that monosodium glutamate has negative effects in the body T/F

A

false

142
Q

we have about 10,000 different odorant receptors T/F

A

false

143
Q

taste cells can be replaced T/F

A

true

144
Q

olfactory neurons can be replaced T/F

A

true

145
Q

farmed fruit is much sweeter than wild fruit T/F

A

true

146
Q

taste cells are

A

epithelial cells

147
Q

the sour receptor is

A

an ion channel

148
Q

the best characterized for umami is

A

a Gi protein coupled receptor

149
Q

third order neurons in the taste pathway synapse in the

A

parietal lobe

150
Q

the olfactory epithelium is

A

nervous tissue

151
Q

during the contraction phase of a skeletal muscle twitch, all the active sites on actin are exposed in the cells T/F

A

true

152
Q

L-type calcium channels are present throughout the plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell T/F

A

false

153
Q

more calcium enters the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum than from the extracellular fluid in response to an action potential in a skeletal muscle cell T/F

A

true

154
Q

there are voltage gated sodium channels in the T-tubules T/F

A

true

155
Q

the lag phase is longer in a

A

isotonic contraction

156
Q

which phase is longer in an isometric skeletal muscle contraction

A

relaxation

157
Q

during contraction

A

both the I band and H zone gets shorter

158
Q

each thick myofilament is in contact with how many thin myofilaments

A

6

159
Q

each thin myogfilament is in contact with how many thick myofilaments

A

3

160
Q

put the steps of the cross-bridge cycles in skeletal muscle in order starting from the first exposure of the actin active sites
a. ATP binds to myosin head
b. conformational change in myosin head causes the myosin head to dephosphorylate
c. conformational change in the myosin head causes the myosin head loses affinity for and dissociate from actin
d. myosin head autophosphorylates
e. myosin head binds to actin
f,. myosin head moves to the cocked position
g. powerstroke

A

E, B, G, A, C, D, F

161
Q

a single alpha motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates is called a

A

motor unit

162
Q

nerve gas blocks

A

acetylcholinesterase

163
Q

the time between when you get an action potential in a skeletal muscle cel or alpha motor neuron to the start of contraction is called the

A

lag phase

164
Q

paralytic drugs are usually ____ receptors____.

A

nicotinic, antagonist

165
Q

botulinum toxin cause the breakdown of what proteins

A

SNARE proteins

166
Q

what is the post-synaptic density called in a skeletal muscle cell

A

motor end plate

167
Q

what is the segment of a skeletal muscle cell that goes from one z disk to the next z disk called

A

sarcomere

168
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by alpha motor neurons

A

acetylcholine

169
Q

what protein was mentioned as contributing to the extensibility and elasticity of skeletal muscle, as well as helping to keep myosin in register in the myofibril

A

titin

170
Q

what receptor for neurotransmitter is present on skeletal muscle cells

A

nicotinic receptor

171
Q

what is the name of the two calcium binding proteins in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and what is their purpose

A

calneticulin
calsequestrin
they decrease the concentration of Ca2+ to be pumped in and stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

172
Q

what are the three subunits of troponin and what do each of the subunits bind to

A

I- binds to actin
T- tropomyosin
C- Ca2+

173
Q

in population coding, if I want to increase the tension developed in a muscle, what does the body do

A

recruit more alpha motor neurons? motor neurons

174
Q

The actin and myosin myofilaments shorten during contraction. T/F

A

false

175
Q

The myosin head binds to actin when it is

A

phosphorylated

176
Q

The I subunit of troponin binds to

A

actin

177
Q

Alpha motor neurons release

A

acetylcholine

178
Q

What is the name of the large protein that attaches myosin to the Z disk?

A

titin

179
Q

calcium must come through L-type calcium channels in order for ryanodine receptors to open in skeletal muscle cells T/F

A

false

180
Q

which of the following can you find in the A band

A

actin
myosin
the H zone
the M line

181
Q

which of the following is connected to the z disk in skeletal muscles?

A

actin
titin

182
Q

a lack of ATP in a skeletal muscle cell will cause which of the following

A

calcium levels to rise in the cell
the myosin head to stay bound to actin

183
Q

which of the following can you find in the I band

A

actin
the Z disk

184
Q

if the load on a skeletal muscle is greater than the tension developed by that muscle,, you get _____ contraction

A

an eccentric

185
Q

if the load on a skeletal muscle is less than the tension developed by that muscle, you get _____ contraction

A

a concentric

186
Q

if the load on a skeletal muscle is the same as the tension developed by that muscle, you get _____ contraction

A

an isometric

187
Q

you are more likely to injure a muscle with ____ contractions

A

eccentric

188
Q
A

A&P (5 decks)

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