Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHARM 327 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Anticholinergic Medications

A

Tolterodine tartrate [Detrol]: Increases bladder capacity and decreases desire/urge to go. They also increase the frequency of bladder contractions.

Side Effects: Dry mouth, constipation, vision impairment, confusion, cognitive dysfunction, tachycardia, decreased sweating, and heat prostration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Urinary Analgesics

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium): Relieve pain, burning sensation, frequency, urgency

Side effects/adverse reactions: Headache, dizziness, GI distress, Contact lens, urine discoloration (Orange and stains), Skin pigmentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Urinary Stimulants

A

Bethanechol (Urecholine): Increases bladder tone of the detrusor muscle usually producing a contraction sufficiently strong to urinate

Side effects/adverse reactions: GI distress, abdominal cramps, Headache, dizziness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Crystalloids

A

Solutions that contain fluids & electrolytes. They freely cross capillary walls

Treats: Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalances, Short-term maintenance fluids, and Early plasma expansion (Shorter duration of action).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Colloids

A

Solutions that contain proteins or other large molecules. Increase osmolarity without dissolving in the solution. Plasma expanders which pull fluids from the interstitial space into the plasma. Used with patients in Dematos, or pt in fluid overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Potassium Blood Levels

A

Extracellular K+ levels 3.5 to 5 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment for Hypokalemia

A

K+ replacement PO or IV (NEVER push K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for Hyperkalemia

A

Stop all K+ sources, food, meds & lower extracellular K+ levels
Calcium salts (calcium gluconate), insulin & glucose, oral or rectal sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate), or dialysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Lorazepam (Ativan), Diazepam (Valium), Midazolam (Versed):
Inhibits GABA neurotransmission by binding to specific benzodiazepine receptors. Treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, status epilepticus, alcohol withdrawal, muscle spasms, preoperatively.

Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, confusion, amnesia, blurred vision, bradycardia, hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antipsychotics

A

Block dopamine receptors in the brain.

Typical groups of antipsychotics: Phenothiazines (Block norepinephrine), Nonphenothiazines (Block only the neurotransmitter dopamine)

Atypical antipsychotics: Treats schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (Block dopamine and serotonin receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

A

Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Nonphenothizaines: Haloperidol (Haldol)

Adverse Reactions: Extrapyramidal syndrome, Acute dystonia, Akathisia, Tardive dyskinesia, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Quetiapine (Seroquel), Aripiprazole (Abilify): Block serotonin and dopaminergic D4 receptors.

Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, headache, unsteady gait, insomnia, depression, weight gain, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mood Stabilizers Basic Info.

A

Used for bipolar, manic episodes, schizophrenia, and psychosis

Side Effects: Memory impairment, Hypotension, dysrhythmias, GI distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mood Stabilizers #1

A

Lithium: Alteration of ion transport in muscle and nerve cells; Increased receptor sensitivity to serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mood Stabilizers #2

A

Quetiapine (Seroquel): Combination of dopamine and serotonin type antagonism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A

Block monoamine oxidase enzyme. Monoamine oxidase enzyme inactivates norepi, dopamine, epi, and serotonin.

Side Effects: Anticholinergic effects, hypertensive crisis from tyramine interaction.

Interactions: CNS stimulants such as vasoconstrictors, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, and foods containing tyramine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline (Zoloft): Block uptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Side Effects: Dry mouth, GI distress, Erectile dysfunction

Side effects often decrease over 1 to 4 weeks.

Serotonin syndrome: anxiety, agitation, delirium, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, gastrointestinal distress, tremor, muscle rigidity, myoclonus, and hyperreflexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uses for SSRIs

A

Major depression
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Panic disorders, phobias
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Prevention of migraine headaches
Decrease premenstrual tension syndrome
Eating disorders
Substance use disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Study These Flashcards
A

Amitriptyline (Elavil): Blocks uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Blocks histamine receptors. Blocks cholinergic receptors

Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision (Anticholinergic). Dry mouth and eyes, GI distress (Anticholinergic). Urinary retention, sexual dysfunction (Anticholinergic) cardiotoxicity. Extrapyramidal Side Effects (EPS). Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

20
Q

TCAS Interactions

Study These Flashcards
A

MAOIs may lead to toxic psychosis, cardiotoxicity

Antithyroid drugs may increase dysrhythmias

21
Q

General Seizure Medication

Study These Flashcards
A

Phenytoin (Dilantin): Most widely used AED. Selectively inhibits sodium channels. Used for Epilepsy, partial, and tonic-colonic seizures.

Adverse Effects: Confusion, Nystagmus, Sedation, Gingival Hyperplasia, Teratogen, Dysrhythmias, Hematopoietic complications, and Skin Rash.

22
Q

Keppra

Study These Flashcards
A

Levetiracetam: Used to treat complex partial seizures. Less drug interactions were noted with this medication than with other anticonvulsants.

Adverse Effects: Drowsiness/dizziness, Depression, Rash

23
Q

Metabolism of Phenytoin

Study These Flashcards
A

The capacity of the liver to metabolize phenytoin is limited. Relationship between dosing and plasma levels is unusual…..difficult to maintain safe & effective dosing

24
Q

Antiseizure Drug

Study These Flashcards
A

Stabilize nerve cell membranes. Suppress abnormal electric impulses in the cerebral cortex

Specific types of action: Suppress sodium influx. Suppress calcium influx. Enhance the action of GABA.

25
Parkinson Disease Treatment
Dopamine Replacement Dopamine Agonists MAO-B Inhibitors COMT Inhibitors
26
Dopamine Replacement Med
Levodopa (Dopar) [Carvidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)]: Converts to dopamine in the brain Causes the "On-off" phenomenon, which means any time during dosing interval there is an off period Adverse Effects: Nausea & Vomiting, Dyskinesias, Head bobbing, Tics, Grimacing, Ballismus, Chorea, Postural hypotension, Drowsiness, Impulsiveness, Psychosis, Severe depression with suicidal ideation
27
Dopamine Agonists Medication
Pramipexole (Mirapex): Dopamine receptor agonist. Binds selectively to D2 and D3 receptors Early Stage Parkinson’s: Mirapex used alone Advanced Parkinson’s: Mirapex + levodopa Adverse Effects: Sleep Attacks, Nausea, Dizziness, Daytime somnolence, Insomnia, Hallucinations
28
MAO-B Inhibitor Medication
Selegiline (Eldepryl): Inhibits MAO-B from inactivating dopamine. High doses can inhibit MAO-A and increase the risk for hypertensive crisis as can foods high in tyramine (aged cheese, red wine, bananas) Adverse Effects: Insomnia, Orthostatic hypotension, Dizziness, Suicidal ideations.
29
COMT Inhibitors
Entacapone (Comtan): Inhibits the COMT enzyme which inactivates dopamine. Prevent peripheral degradation of levodopa, allowing a higher concentration to cross the blood-brain barrier. Adverse Effects: Affects liver function (Tasmar). Dark yellow-orange urine. Can intensify the effects of levodopa.
30
Alzheimer's Medication
Individual Cholinesterase Inhibitors Donepezil (Aricept): Blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase. Adverse Effects: Nausea, Vomiting Diarrhea, Dizziness, Headache. Overall, it was pretty well-totaled by patients.
31
Musculoskeletal Medication
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
32
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Neostigmine (Short-acting), Pyridostigmine (Intermediate-acting): Blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase to increase available acetylcholine Side Effects: Miosis, Blurred vision, Bradycardia, Hypotension, GI distress, Nausea, vomiting
33
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), Baclofen (Lioresal): Relax skeletal muscles. Used for muscle pain and fracture pain. Side Effects: Anticholinergic effects (blurred vision, dry mouth, tachycardia, urine retention, constipation). Drowsiness, dizziness, Headache, nervousness, confusion, GI distress, unpleasant taste, Dysrhythmias
34
Prostaglandin Analogs
Latanoprost (Xalatan): First-line medications for glaucoma. Facilitate aqueous humor outflow (relax the ciliary muscle) Adverse Effects: Harmless heightened brown pigmentation of the iris, Hypertrichosis, Blurred vision, Burning/stinging
35
Cholinergic Agonist (Senses)
Pilocarpine: similar action as parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Can cause systemic parasympathomimetic effects: cardiac irregularities, diarrhea, respiratory depression Adverse Effects: Sweating
36
Beta Blockers (Senses)
Timolol (Timoptic): First-line medication for glaucoma. Decrease production of aqueous humor by the ciliary body. Adverse Effects: Blurred vision, Stinging, Photophobia, Conjunctivitis
37
Alpha2-Adrenergice Agonists (Senses)
Brimonidine (Alphagan): Reduces aqueous humor production. May delay optic nerve degeneration. Adverse Effects: Dry mouth, Ocular hyperemia (engorgement of ocular blood vessels), Burning/stinging, Foreign body sensation
38
Anticholinergic Agents (Senses)
Isopto Atropine: Allows for observation of the interior of the eye. Eye examination or surgery. Adverse Effects: Blurred vision, Photophobia, Increased risk of angle-closure glaucoma, Dry mouth, Constipation, Fever, Tachycardia
39
General Side Effects/Adverse Reactions of all Anticancer Meds
Bone marrow suppression/myelosuppression: Low RBC (anemia), Low WBC (leukopenia), Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) AND Fatigue, Infertility, Stomatitis, Alopecia, GI Disturbances, Anorexia, Nausea /vomiting, Diarrhea
40
Vaccines
Attenuated virus Toxoids Conjugate vaccines Recombinant subunit vaccines Adjuvant mRNA
41
Attenuated Virus
Live, weakened microorganisms. EX: MMR, Varicella
42
Toxoids
Inactivated toxins that stimulate antitoxin formation but can’t produce disease. EX: Tetanus
43
Conjugate Vaccines
require a protein or toxoid from an unrelated substance that can then be recognized by the immune system. EX: Meningists
44
Recombinant Subunit Vaccines
DNA is injected into another cell or organism where it then replicates. EX: Hep B
45
Adjuvant
substance added to the vaccine to increase the immune response. Often an aluminum salt. Rigorously tested for safety. Require less antigen to produce a dose of the vaccine. EX: Influenza, polio
46
mRNA
Works by introducing a piece of mRNA that corresponds to a viral protein, usually a small piece of a protein found on the virus’s outer membrane. EX: Covid-19 vaccince

PHARM 327 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions