Exam 4 Flashcards

Question

How do you treat mercury poisoning

Answer 1

In acute exposure of inorganic Hg- egg white, charcoal followed by Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA or Succimer) MeHg often futile by time of clinical signs

Answer 2

No but occurs when accidental consumption of obsolute products containing Hg i.e barometer or sled dogs eating fish with MeHg (more bioavailable than inorganic or elemental Hg which cause liver and kidney toxicosis)

Answer 3

soft, silver white metal that is present as cadmium oxide, cadmium chloride or cadmium sulfate used in batteries, semiconductors, solar cells, plastic stabilizers enters environment from coal combustion, mining activities, zinc smelting, and the use of rock phosphate and sewage sludge as fertilizers can be increased in soils when using plants bioaccumulate cigarette burning

Answer 4

cattle grazing on sewage sludge-treated pastures

Answer 5

Calcium deficiency

Answer 6

bind to plasma proteins (thiols) and RBC (anemia) and is distributed to the liver and kidney may replace copper and zinc at binding sites, inducing a copper deficiency can cause oxidative stress

Answer 7

aggression anxiety GI disturbance Mild anemia

Answer 8

Minimize/reduce exposure EDTA, British anti-Lewisite (BAL or dimercaprol) or DMSA/Succimer generally not proven effective

Answer 9

cysteine, 7

Answer 10

Treat with IV ﬂuids to counteract dehydration and sodium thiosulfate to chelate arsenic

Answer 11

it can increase nephrotoxicity

Answer 12

a metalloid that is often classified as a metal found in both the inorganic and organic forms Binds to sulfur in cells Toxicity varies with the form (arsenite- As3+) more toxic than Arsenate As5+ and inroganic forms are more toxic than inorganic forms

Answer 13

Inorganic As3+ > Inorganic As5+> Organic Arsenic 3+ > Organic Arsenic 5+

Answer 14

Arsenic 3+

Answer 15

Insecticides (PbAsO4, As2O3, Paris Green) Immiticide (heartworm) Herbicides Treated wood, CuCrAsO4 Water

Answer 16

it binds with lipoic acid (the cofactor in the TCA cycle) thus effecting energy metabolism

Answer 17

it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation because it competes with phosphate during conversion of ADP to ATP.

Answer 18

Tissues with high oxidative energy use (actively dividing cells) such as the intestinal epithelium, liver, kidney, spleen, and epidermis

Answer 19

sudden death*, abdominal pain/colic, vomiting, staggering gait, ataxia, watery diarrhea, dehydration, respiratory distress

Answer 20

-Minimize/reduce exposure -GI detox -IV fluids** -Dimercaprol (BAL) -DMSA/Succimer

Answer 21

-Batteries -Weights (curtains,fishing) -Pb based paints -Pb shot -Pastures near Pb smelters -Leaded gas

Answer 22

Lead poisoning

Answer 23

lead-acid batteries found on agricultural pasture land

Answer 24

main entry route is GI, organic Pb is more bioavailable than inorganic salts or metallic Pb

Answer 25

calcium deficiency

Answer 26

Cattle and dogs

Answer 27

blindness aggression head pressing circling roaring anorexia anemia tonic-clonic epileptic seizures

Answer 28

Remove Pb objects from GI tract Ca-EDTA DMSA/Succimer

Answer 29

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI/Cr6+) - lung cancer and dermatitis

Answer 30

exist in six valence states, 6 is most carcinogenic and associated with increased risk of lung cancer and dermatitis. 3 is little concern for toxicity Essential trace element that functions in a number of metabolic processes. cofactor for associated with potentiating the activity of insulin Acute: inflammation and GI damage, kidney and liver damage Chronic: GI and dermatitis

Answer 31

Acute toxicosis: inflammation and damage to the GI, kidney damage, liver damage Chronic toxicosis: gastroenteritis and dermatitis

Answer 32

over supplementation because it is ubiquitous in the diet (ex: liver and whole grains, mineral, infeed, injection, or palm kernel extract)

Answer 33

an inherited metabolic defect resulting in impaired biliary copper excretion, common in Bedlington Terriers

Answer 34

Chronic hepatitis progressing to cirrhosis. Symptomatic >2000ug/g Anorexia, Lethargy, Vomiting, and Weight loss

Answer 35

American cocker spaniels Bedlington Terriers (COMMD1 mutations) Doberman Pinschers-ATP7A and 7B mutations Keeshonds Labrador Retrievers- ATP7B polymorphism and RETN mutations Skye terriers- defect in biliary copper transport West Highland White Terriers

Answer 36

when copper levels are too high, free copper ions exist in the cell and undergo redox reactions leading to damage to membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids through reactive oxygen species

Answer 37

signs may lag behind severe accumulation initial signs: salivation, vomiting, nausea advanced: PU/PD, icterus and diarrhea, and ascites

Answer 38

sheep (sheep>goats>cows>pigs)

Answer 39

they have alkaloids that cause liver damage and lead to copper release from the damaged liver leading to elevated blood levels and hemolysis

Answer 40

weakness, panting, and dull attitude pale mucous membranes yellow discolaration (icterus) dark brown or red colored urine abortion death mobilized copper from liver will show up in kidneys

Answer 41

-feed a low copper diet, avoid organ meets -use oral chelating agents to enhance urinary elimination of copper (ex: D-penicilllamine and Trientine Hydrochloride) follow up: -liver enzymes monitored every 6 months -consider liver biopsy to assess liver copper levels -addition of elemental zinc as a dietary supplement to reudce copper absorption

Answer 42

it decreases copper absorption, as it increases metallothionein within enterocytes. It preferentially binds copper ions due to increased affinity. This then leads to increased excretion of dietary copper in the feces

Answer 43

unsuccessful following hemolytic crisis but: -fluid therapy and potential blood transfusion -Ammonium or sodium molybdate and sodium thiosulfate should be used daily as a drench for up to 3 weeks in affected animals as well as any other animals on the same diet -Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate -Increase molybdenum in the diet to 5ppm -Supplement zinc in the diet to 100ppm

Answer 44

Zinc and also molybdenum+sulfur (ruminants)

Answer 45

It decreases copper availability as it forms thiomolybdate in the rumen and forms an insoluble complex with copper

Answer 46

-Secondary copper deficiency (due to its interactions with copper and sulfur) -Also excess intake of plants with Mo and soils/mining

Answer 47

due to the formation of thiomolybdates in the rumen

Answer 48

absorbed and formed thiomolybdate that bind copper and copper dependent enzymes to make it unavailable/inactivated

Answer 49

-Feed withdrawl -Lethargy -Weakness -Hind limb ataxia progressing to front limbs and recumbency Pathology: Hydropic degeneration/necrosis of liver and proximal and distal renal tubules

Answer 50

1) when MO intake is greater than 20 ppm in the diet 2) Low Cu:Mo ration (<2:1) 3) High dietary sulfur with normal Cu and Mo

Answer 51

soil or plants with unusually high Mo"teart" teart scours- diarrhea from Molybdenum rich soil

Answer 52

with copper supplementation, not too much or youll get copper toxicosis

Answer 53

1) Hb: binds O2 2) Myoglobin: binds O2 in muscle 3) P450 enzymes: critical role in metabolism 4) Electron transport proteins in mitochondria-energy formation

Answer 54

because it is very active in reduction and oxidation reactions, can readily for hydroxyl radicals that damage nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

Answer 55

it is good at gaining and losing electrons. in an undirected fasion a hydroxyl radical can form which damages proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Answer 56

Ingestion of iron containing vitamins (dogs) Excess amount of iron supplements (cattle, horse, pigs) Molluscicides containing iron phosphate or iron EDTA

Answer 57

Necrosis of GI cells Fluid loss Cardiotoxicity

Answer 58

1) Limit absorption (GI decontamination). remove bezoars if sticky vitamin pills 2) Enhance urinary elimination (chelating agents- deforoxamine must be given IV via slow drip) 3) Symptomatic and supportive care

Answer 59

neurological- disruption of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation in the brain as well as mitochondrials calcium flux and sequestation Oxidative stress and generation of ROS Reduced appetite, anemia, abdominal discomfort, abortions and cystic ovaries, neurological syndrome of gait disorders in dogs indicative of injury to the extrapyramidal motor system in the brain

Answer 60

-remove from any further exposure, gi decontamination if pills consumed -Chelation therapy- EDTA increases urinary excretion -Antioxidant therapy (Vitamin E, N-acetylcysteine) -Supportive and Symptomatic care

Answer 61

absorbed in the GI by a carrier-mediated mechanism Stomach acid provided for rapid release of zinc from ingested metallic objects (Pennies, galvanized steels, and nuts/bolts, ointments for sunburn or diaper rash)

Answer 62

unknown but plays a role in regulation of cell death and protection as well as interactions with other metals such as copper Toxicity at high levels=oxidative stress

Answer 63

vomiting, diarrhea, red urine, icterus, liver failure, kidney failure, and anemia some degree of hemolytic with erythrocytic regenerative response, renal damage with meaturia, urinary casts and proteinuria

Answer 64

foals- nonpainful joint enlargement for 7-21 days that progresses to a reluctance to rise, stiff gait and increased joint fluid

Answer 65

-Antacids (zinc mobilized due to acidity in stomach) -Proton pump inhibitor -Removal of the zinc eluting foreign body Supportive care: IV fluids, Blood transfusion, Sucralfate for GI bleeding, CBC and serum chemistries- monitor liver and kidney function

Answer 66

can facilitate zinc absorption from the stomach if foreign bodies are still present and eluting zinc once the foreign body is removed, chelation therapy may increase renal elimination (chelator of choice for zinc is Ca-EDTA)

Answer 67

acetylcholine release in the presynaptic neuron resulting in flaccid paralysis through SNAP-25, cleaving synaptobrevin, and syntaxin

Answer 68

1) ingestion of preformed toxin (improper ensiled feed, rotten vegatation in shallow waters, homemade foods improperly canned/preserved/fermented) 2) ingestion of spores 3) Contamination of wounds with spores

Answer 69

Swine, dogs, and cats

Answer 70

progressive flaccid paralysis (ascending lower motor neuron paresis with paraympathetic signs) -weakness and ataxia that is more pronounced when forced to move -difficulty with prehension and swallowing Death due to respiratory paralysis

Answer 71

Serum, GI contentents and feedstuff can be analyzed for preformed toxin Riminal fluids Botulinum toxin tested via mouse bioassay ELISA but only specific for one toxin type

Answer 72

-Remove contaminated feedstuff -Treatment of affected animals may include antitoxin therapy -Antitoxin, penicillin, and debridement of woounds -Symptomatic and supportive care

Answer 73

neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani that blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitter, particularly glycine

Answer 74

prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, particularly glycine, from neurons in the CNS, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions *Add more

Answer 75

generalized musculoskeletal stiffness elevated third eyelid Sardonic grin (carnivores) Locked jaw Recumbency and inability to rise Convulsions may occur Death from marked contraction of the muscles of respiration

Answer 76

foals with tremors from botulinum toxin

Answer 77

ingestion of water with excessive growth of cyanobacteria producing anatoxin and hepatotoxin nodularin

Answer 78

a hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria

Answer 79

a: toxin of cyanobacteria that causes the depolarization of nicotinic membranes and can lead to respiratory paralysis a(s): inhibits AChase in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 80

a toxin spread by blister beetles acantholysis and vesicle formation leading to ulcers or erosion where the compound contacts a mucosal surface may act by inhibiting protein phosphatase

Answer 81

in alfalfa feef. release when beetles are crushed contaminating the hay. compound is colorless, odorless, and very stable

Answer 82

the injection of a poisonous material by sting, spine, bite, or other similar means

Answer 83

dogs, due to their inquisitive nature

Answer 84

Pit vipers (crotalidae)

Answer 85

Arizona (Arizona coral snake) Texas/Louisana (Texas Coral snake) Florida and surrounding states (Eastern coral snake)

Answer 86

they have short, fixed non hinged front fangs that are partially membrane covered. The membrane is pushed back and the venom duct empties at the base of the fang, bathing the fang in venom Even when bitten, 60% do not result in venom delivery.

Answer 87

-Neurotoxic with local tissue rxn/pain at site Several neurotoxins involved that act as non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. Curare like syndrome CNS depression, muscle paralysis and vasomotor instability severe anemia from hemolysis in dogs

Answer 88

Dogs: Acute CNS depression, emesis, excessive salivation, quadriplegia with decreased spinal reflexes in all limbs and respiratory paraylsis. may have IV hemolysis, anemia, hemoglobinuria and RBC alteration Cats: Acute ascending flaccid quadriplegia, CNS depression, and reduced nocperception. Anisocoria, spinal reflexes absent in all four limbs, hypothermia, and loss of cutaneous trunci reflex have been documented

Answer 89

use of compression bandage around and over the bite site signs may be delayed by 12 hours so hospitalize for minimum of 24 hours Antivenin (discontinued) Respons to respiratory collapse, dysphagia, and aspiration pneumonia via ventillary support

Answer 90

Coral snake venom

Answer 91

Rare due to their lifestyle and low likelihood of venom delivery Dogs are mostly recipients Neurologic and curare like involving paralysis Delayed onset and long lasting Supportive care tx Good prognosis with early medical intervention Major complication is aspiration pneumonia which worsens the prognosis

Answer 92

Pit vipers like Crotalus (rattlesnakes), sisturus (pygmy rattlesnakes and massasauga), Agkistrodon (water moccasins, cottonmouths, and copperheads)

Answer 93

Every state in US except Hawaii, Maine, and Alaska

Answer 94

Pit vipers (Crotalidae)

Answer 95

rotating the retractable front fangs downward and stabbing forward muscle contraction of the venom glands force venom through the hollow fangs into the victim 25% of bites are dry (often defensive bites)

Answer 96

RattleSnakes > Water moccasin > Copperhead

Answer 97

primarily to immobilize prey and digest its tissues mixture of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins. min of 10 enzymes. nonenzymatic fractions are hte killing fraction and are 50X more potent than crude venom

Answer 98

1) Classic diamonback rattlesnake venom- causes marked tissue destruction, coagulopathy, and hypotension 2) Mojave A rattle snake venom: virtually no tissue destruction or coagulation defect but it induces severe neurotoxicosis 3) Intergrade found in multiple species- contains both neurotoxins and classic venom components

Answer 99

causes marked tissue destruction, coagulopathy, and hypotension

Answer 100

virtually no tissue destruction or coagulation defects but it induces severe neurotoxicosis

Answer 101

1) initially marked regional swelling - ecchymosis and petechiation may be evident 2) Delayed onset of clinical signs for several hours 3) Progressive swelling that is progressive for up to 36 hours after envenomation 4) Tachycardia, shallow repsiration, lethargy, nausea, obtundation, muscle fasciculations, increased salivation, and enlarged regional lymph nodes

Answer 102

on the head or front legs usually a defensive strike seek humans right after bite thus presented early

Answer 103

usually an offensive strike in reaction to playing with snake presents late due to hiding after being bitten

Answer 104

on the nose leading to marked tissue necrosis

Answer 105

on the muzzle or tongue leading to tissue necrosis and secondary infection

Answer 106

Early high levels of creatine phosphokinase (marker of tissue/muscle damage)

Answer 107

Coagulation parameters (aPTT, prothrombin time, fibringogen, fibrin split products, and platelet counts)

Answer 108

to examine signs of hematuria or rhabdomyolysis

Answer 109

Echinocytes

Answer 110

venom phospholipases that alter the membrane structure of erythrocytes

Answer 111

-Keep victim calm -Monitor severity with severity score -IV crystalloid fuid to combat hypovolemic crisis (hypovolemic crisis leads to cardiovascular collapse) -Broad-spectrum antibiotics in species susceptible to clostridial infections -Diphenhydramine aids in calming fractious or painful animals and is a pretreatment against possible allergic reactions to antivenin

Answer 112

only proven treatment of pit viper venom IV administration stops progression of swelling, reverses coagulopathy, reverses thrombocytopenia, and improves muscle strength in patients with weakness and paralysis not associated with clinical outcome

Answer 113

it does enhance recovery but is not preventative against rattlesnake venom

Answer 114

With early medical intervention, most snakebitten dogs an cats survive Large animals often survive initial venom effect but are at risk of death from secondary tissue damage and infection

Answer 115

venomous lizards of north and central america -Gila Monster -Mexican Beaded Lizard

Answer 116

Do not inject venom venom is released from two venom glands on the lower jaw and onto the gum, and then flows up the grooved teeth into the wound via capillary action Degree of envenomation is directly related to the duration of the bite victim often presented for vet care with the lizard still attached

Answer 117

Mixture of biologically active proteins (no neurotoxins and generally do not affect coagulation) Kallikrein- releases bradykinins inducing pain and hypotension Arginine Ester Hydrolase - hydrolyzes amino acid esters Phospholipase A2- greater than 50% homologous to bee venom Hyaluronidase- spreading factor breaks down connective tissue Gilatoxin- kallikrein Helothermine- disrupts Ca2+ release from SR by binding to ryanodine receptor Helospectin- vasodilatory peptide

Answer 118

releases bradykinins inducing pain and hypotension

Answer 119

extreme pain at bite site Edema around wound Hypotension and tachycardia Feline-tachypnea, tachycardia, and vomiting from pain Regional muscle fasciculations Rare: tissue necrosis and secondary infection, particularly if tooth fragments embedded in wound

Answer 120

pry the lizard off still attached hospitalize and monitor the victim for progression of the envenomation syndrome No specific antivenin available Treatment- largely supportive IV fluids for hypotension Narcotics or fentanyl drip for pain control -irrigate would with lidocaine and probe for broken lizard teeth Broad spectrum antibiotics to combat secondary infection

Answer 121

the duration of the bite the longer the bite, the more venom is delivered

Answer 122

stored in the cephalothorax venom glands and delivered via fangs (chelicerae)

Answer 123

neurotoxicity

Answer 124

Antivenin treatment (CroFabTM) substantially increases the likelihood of survival

Answer 125

D) Venom is for defensive purposes and results in extreme pain at the bite site

Answer 126

coral snake

Answer 127

pit vipers

Answer 128

gila monster

Answer 129

coral snake venom

Answer 130

gila monster

Answer 131

local swelling and pain -anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions to venom components are possible

Answer 132

Widow spiders

Answer 133

Recluse spiders

Answer 134

Ticks (ixodes)

Answer 135

Hymenoptera

Answer 136

Hobo spiders

Answer 137

A) An antivenin (LycovacTM) is available, relatively cheap and effective and should be considered D) Treatment of symptoms (pain & muscle rigidity) should be considered

Answer 138

B) Treatment should include beta-blockers and diazepam E) Removing ticks following presentation of clinical signs is not indicated due to toxin already being delivered

Answer 139

A) Evidence is lacking that scorpion stings are a serious medical issue D) Indicated treatment would be wound care and analgesics

Answer 140

B) North American Tarantulas are relatively harmless but more exotic species from South America, Africa and Australia can be dangerous

Answer 141

Females The males are too short to inflict and envenomating bite to humans or other mammals

Answer 142

Complex mixture of 6 neuroactive and proteolytic proteins a-latrotoxin: principle toxin for mammals- causes large release and depletion of acetylcholine and norepinephrine at postganglionic sympathetic synapses

Answer 143

Widow venom- principle toxin for mammals- causes large release and depletion of acetylcholine and norepinephrine at postganglionic sympathetic synapses causes lactrodectism

Answer 144

a syndrome caused by a-latrotoxin of Widow Spiders taken up by lympathics and enters the bloodstream short lived localized pain and generalized pain, mild to moderate hypertension and tachycardia signs may resolve caused by a large release and then depletion of ACh and norepinephrine at the postganglionic sympathetic synapses

Answer 145

Cats- paralysis occurs early in course hypersalivation, restlessness, vomiting, and diarrhea are common muscle tremors, cramping, ataxia, and inability to stand may precede an atonic paralysis Cheyne-Stokes respiratory pattern prior to death

Answer 146

Largely symptomatic -Opioids to control pain -Diazepam and Methocarbamol to control muscle rigidity -Calcium gluconate, which used to be used for treatment, is no longer recommended due to it being less effacious than opioids and muscle relxants Equine-origin antivenin (Lycovac) is available and effective (Cheap, long shelf life, rare delayed allergic reactions)

Answer 147

Latrodectus (Widow spider) antivenin that is available and effective relatively cheap, long shelf life, delayed allergic reactions are rare suggested activity in felines

Answer 148

1) Necrotizing enzymes (Hyaluronidase, Esterases, Alkaline phosphatases) 2) Sphingomyelinase D- phospholipase that binds to cell membranes and induces migration and activation of neutrophils to site of envenomation 3) Inactivates serum hemolytic complement -Intravascular coagulation, occlusion of small capillaries, tissue necrosis, systemic depletion of clotting factors (VII, IX, XI, and XII)

Answer 149

Recluse spider venom

Answer 150

a vesicle that my form and be replaced by black scab in response to a recluse spider venom Healing is slow and may ulcerate and leave a large scab

Answer 151

1) Necrotic lesions via chemical debridement with Burrows solution of H2O2 and bandaging, 2) Pruritus with diphenhydramine 3) Antibiotics if infection is evident 4) Pain via analgesics (NSAID for minor, opioids for severe) 5) Dapsone- inhibits neutrophil migration and may limit the severity of the necrotic lesion 6) antivenins have been developed and shown to be effective if given within 4h of envenomation

Answer 152

It inhibits neutrophil migration and may limit the severity of the necrotic lesion of a Brown Recluse Venom

Answer 153

caused by hobo spider envenomation initial bite is relatively painless but erythema will occur. 15-35 hours later the area will rupture with serious discharge from the wound treat via supportive and symptomatic. wound may require 3 years to heal if in fatty tissue same lesion and tx as Brown recluse spider envenomations

Answer 154

neurotoxin in funnel web spiders (Atrax and Hadronyche) binds to the pre-synaptic neuron and both inbiti CNS mediated neurotransmitter release while increasing spontaenous release neurotransmitters Both the ANS and skeletal muscles

Answer 155

Male (6x more potent than female)

Answer 156

Dogs and Cats Humans and primates are very sensitive

Answer 157

contain a neurotoxin and potentially a necrotoxin and hemolytic toxin following envenomation, muscle spasms, edema, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and circulatory shock may develop Selenocosmia and Phlogiellus

Answer 158

a barbed appendage of scorpions that houses two venom glands that exit via a stinger at the end of the telson

Answer 159

The Arizona Bark scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus

Answer 160

they block the voltage sensitive sodium and potassium channels in nerves

Answer 161

Scorpion venom

Answer 162

-Instant sharp pain at the site of envenomation -Localized edema and pruritus are common -Regional lymph nodes may enlarge and potentially an allergic reaction characterized by swelling of the eyelids, tongue, and vomiting -Systemically: numbness of face, myalgia, tachycardia or bradycardia, respiratory depression, and seizures

Answer 163

Analgesics and wound care Systemic signs should be treated symptomatically No FDA approved antivenins little evidence on dog and cat exposure

Answer 164

it is not an issue because the protein toxin that blocks the voltage sensitive sodium and potassium channels gets degraded

Answer 165

interferes with the synthesis and/or release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction resulting in lower motor neuron paresis and paralysis

Answer 166

F- can occur as fews as one tick and heavily infested animals may succumb quickly

Answer 167

-Ascending ataxia that progresses to paresis and flaccid paralysis -Early in intoxication, animals remain bright, alert, and able to eat and drink if properly supported Eventually paralysis of respiratory muscle leads to respiratory failure a death

Answer 168

paralysis of the respiratory muscles leading to respiratory failure

Answer 169

1) Remove ticks 2) Supportive care, especially respiratory support until the recovery occurs good prognosis if ticks are removed before bulbar paralysis Australia- polyclonal dog antiserum to treat

Answer 170

fangs of centupedes that are connected to venomous glands directly under the head include a serotonin, cytolysin, hemolysin, and vesicating agent

Answer 171

they can emit irritating and foul smelling secretions from the repugnatorial glands irritating to mucosal surfaces, particularly the eyes use corticosteroids to decrease inflammation

Answer 172

corticosteroids to decrease inflammation

Answer 173

F- it generally only causes local irritation and potentially necrosis may require analgesics

Answer 174

bees, wasps, and hornets that secret venom from specialized cells in the acid gland and transported to the venom sac

Answer 175

wasps and hornets, honeybees cannot because their stinger apparatus is pulled

Answer 176

mixture of proteins, peptides, and small organic molecules -Phospholipases and hyaluronidases account for majority of allergic reactions -Mellitin is membrane disruptive that increases damage caused by phospholipases and triggers the release of histamine and serotonin Apamin (neurotoxin that blocks Ca2+ activated K+ channels and is associated with transient peripheral nerve effects)

Answer 177

a neurotoxin in honeybee venom that blocks calcium activated K+ channels and is associated with transient peripheral nerve effects

Answer 178

a membrane disruptive compound in honeybee venom that increases the damage caused by phospholipases and triggers the release of histamine and serotonin

Answer 179

peptides, enzymes, and amines designed to trigger pain kinins. serotonin, histamine, tyramine, catecholamines, acetylcholine can contribute to pain and local vasoactivity several constituents can act as allergens and trigger reactions

Answer 180

Local rxns- swollen, edematous and erythematous plaques at the orgin site Systemic effects from multiple stings: prostration, convulsions, CNS depression, shock, hyperthermia, bloody diarrhea, bloody vomiting, leukocytosis, IV hemolysis, renal/hepatic toxicity Classic anaphylactoid response to bee and vespid venoms - also can cause immune mediated hemolytic anemia secondary to bee envenomation

Answer 181

Remove stinger if remains Cold compresses to relieve pain and swelling Monitor for anaphylactic rxns (EPI if anaphylaxis is suspected) True systemic toxicity: aggressive IV fluid therapy, corticosteorids, antihistamines, oxygen for dyspnea, and diazepam as needed for convulsions monitor renal and hepatic function

Answer 182

in animals that cant move away from the colony (ie neonatal, juvenile, or disabled)

Answer 183

Intense pain at the site of the sting develop erythematous pruritic papules that generally resolve within 24 hours no reports of anaphylaxis multiple stings may result in systemic signs similar to those of multiple bee/wasp stings

Answer 184

Ant venom toxicity

Answer 185

-IV fluids -Corticosteroids -Supportive care

Answer 186

Clostridium botulinum

Answer 187

Botulinum toxin

Answer 188

Tetanus toxin

Answer 189

microcystin

Answer 190

Anatoxin -a(s)

Answer 191

Cantharidin

Answer 192

Eastern Tent Caterpillars

Answer 193

Lucibufagins

Answer 194

Bufodienolides

Answer 195

B) Transdermal absorption of toxin

Answer 196

A) Convulsions C) Locked jaw

Answer 197

Hepatoxicity Neurotoxicity

Answer 198

Blister beetles

Answer 199

Eastern Tent Caterpillars

Answer 200

Cardiac glycosides

Answer 201

Zearalenone

Answer 202

Trichothecenes

Answer 203

Ochratoxin A

Answer 204

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins

Answer 205

Roquefortine

Answer 206

Fumonisins

Answer 207

Slaframine

Answer 208

flaccid paralysis through blocking the release of acetylcholine vesicles (cleaving SNAP-25)

Answer 209

1) ingestion of preformed toxin 2) Ingestion of spores 3) Contamination of wounds with spores

Answer 210

toxico-infectious botulism occuring when foals ingest spores, resulting in an overgrowth of the organism within the GI tract resulting in flaccid paralysis foals develop tremors

Answer 211

Swine, dogs, and cats

Answer 212

1) progressive flaccid paralysis- weakness and ataxia, more pronounced when animal is excited or forced to move (Lower motor neuron paresis with parasympathetic signs) 2) Difficulty with prehension and swallowing- ileus, constipation, or ruminal atony *Death via respiratory paralysis

Answer 213

1) Serum, GI contents, ruminal fluids, and feedstuff for preformed toxin 2) Mouse bioassay for botulinum toxin 3) ELISA but only specific for one toxin type

Answer 214

initial treatment to remove contaminated feedstuffs antitoxin therapy or penicillin debridement of wounds Symptomatic and supportive care

Answer 215

guarded to poor with animals with clinical signs

Answer 216

-Vaccination against C.botulinum toxins with toxoid Proper ensiling of poultry litter Examine feed for evidence of decaying carcasses rodent control program to reduce the number of mice or rats in stored feeds proper disposal of any dead animals (deep burial)

Answer 217

produced by Clostridium tetani. induced pore formation in a variety of cells to aid in the replication of the tetanus organism locally at the wound site

Answer 218

prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (glycine) from neurons in the CNS, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions also cleaves VAMP (synaptobrevin) interupting the translocation and exocytosis of neurotransmitters from inhibitory neurons at the spinal cord

Answer 219

Horses and ruminants due to differences in gangliosides on the neurons and thus entry of the toxin into the neurons

Answer 220

Tetanus spores

Answer 221

-Generalized musculoskeletal stiffness -Nictiating membrane often elevated -Sardonic grin in carnivores -Sawhorse stance -Locked jaw -Progression to recumbancy and inability to rise -Convulsions and death from marked contraction of respiratory muscles

Answer 222

Tetanus toxin

Answer 223

-Finding C. tetani in culture of wound

Answer 224

-Antbiotic therapy with penicillin -antitoxin therapy -clean would -Move animals to dark, quiet area to minimize convulsions induced by external stimuli- tranquilizers to control convulsions?

Answer 225

Theiler's Disease (Serum Hepatitis)

Answer 226

Serum Hepatitis that can occur when administering the tetanus antitoxin in horses

Answer 227

ingestion of water with excessive growth of blue-green algae species that produce anatoxin a(s) and microcystis sp. that produce hepatoxin microsystin and Nodularia that produce hepatotoxin nodularin

Answer 228

hepatotoxin produced by cyanobacteria inhibit serine/threonine phosphatases type 1 and 2 directly cytotoxic leading to apoptosis to mammalian cells

Answer 229

depolarization of nicotinic membranes rapidly, leading to respiratory paralysis inhibits acetylcholinesterase in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 230

Warm weather with increased nutrients in the water (late summer/early fall) rapid growth by increased nitrogen and phosphoris in the water- runoff from fertilized fields

Answer 231

1) Warm weather 2) Increased nitrogen and phosphorus in water 3) Increased wind concentrates it at the shoreline 4) Runoff from fertilized fields

Answer 232

anatoxin-a: respiratory distress and convulsion. Death from respiratory paralysis, quick onset, death can occur within 30min (depolarizing nicotinic receptors) anatoxin-a(s): signs consistent with the inhibition of AchE. Increased salivation, urination, lacrimation, defecation as well as tremors, dyspnea, and convulsions. Death from respiratory arrest can occur within 1 hour

Answer 233

Hepatic toxic via inhibiting serine/threonine phoshphates type 1 and 2- liver toxicity within 1-4 hours including lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, GI atony, weakness, and pale mucous membranes

Answer 234

no antifotes decontamination- emesis, activated charcoal, cathartic aggressive hepatoxocity treatment w fluids, corticosteroids Neurotoxicity- aggressive respiratory support and seizure control as needed

Answer 235

Atropine, just like for other AChE inhibitors

Answer 236

poor to grave if exhibited clinical signs Precention is limiting animal exposure to water containing the algae

Answer 237

a disease that is caused through the ingestion of a blister beetle. Cantharidin is a vesicant that causes irritation characterized by acantholysis an vesicle formation leading to ulcers or erosions where the compound contacts the mucosal surface

Answer 238

feed principally on lush alfalfa fields. Some swarm in large numbers Large numbers are baled into hay Cantharidin is released when beetles are crushed contaminating the hay. The compound is odorless, and very stable

Answer 239

it is odorless, colorless, and very stable

Answer 240

unknown by may act by inhibiting protein phosphatase 2A resulting as a vesicant and causing irritation characterized by acantholysis

Answer 241

the dosage -Range from depression and discomfort to severe coli Colic signs: restlessness, depression, sweating, congested mucous membranes, increased HR, increased respiratory rate. Gastric lesion horses may submerge muzzles or play in water fever, pollakiuria, salivation, stiff gain, and blood tinged urine

Answer 242

cantharidin toxicosis

Answer 243

with urine or intestinal contents being the preferred diagnostic specimens for analytical analysis

Answer 244

focus on enhanced fecal and urinary elimination, correcting dehydration, managing serum calcium and magnesium, and controlling pain supportive care may be needed for 3-10 days depending on severity -Mineral oil to hasten movement through the GI tract Analgesics may not work but a-2 adrenergic agonist may be required in horses fluid therapy and enhance urinary elimination

Answer 245

Acepromazine - potentiation of shock

Answer 246

-inspect hay an use bales to make inspecting easier cut hay early before bloom stage, first cut and late cutting often escape contamination because they are produce prior to and after peak beetle activity Scout field before and during harvest to disperse swarms before harvesting the alfalfa

Answer 247

poor prognosis

Answer 248

Abortigenic disease by Eastern Tent Caterpillars setae (hair) imbed into submucosa of alimentary tract creating microgranulomatous lesions that allow streptococci, actinobacilli, and potentially entercocci to invade the circulatory system Bacteria establish infections in tissues where immune surveillance of mare is reduced such as the fetus and the placenta

Answer 249

they are structurally related to the cardiotoxic bufodienolides of toads and cardenlides of plants (Cardiotoxic) Lizards are especially susceptible to them Not much is known on treatment

Answer 250

-Epinephrine -Serotonin -Ergosterol -Bufodienolides (bufogenins)- cardiac glycosides that cause arrhythmia

Answer 251

Toxic toads

Answer 252

Cardiac glycosides bind to and inhibit sodium-potassium ATPase in a manner that is similar to the other cardiac glycosides such as digoxin and digitoxin Leads to an increased extracellular concentration of K with concomitant increased intracellular Na+. This leads to an influx of calcium into the cytosol via the Na+ Ca++ exchange Change alters resting membrane potential of excitable cells resulting in depressed electrical conduction

Answer 253

Hypersalivation, vomiting, and anxiety Neurological abnormalities like convuslions, ataxia, nystagmus, stupor, or coma as seen with the inhibition of Na/K ATPase and depressed electrical conduction

Answer 254

Decontamination- rise w copious amounts of water unless animal is seizing Diazepam if seizing Bradycardia- Atropine Tachycardia- beta antagonists Hyperkalemia- insulin, glucose, an sodium bicarbonate Digoxin-specific fab fragment used successfully in mice and in humans

Answer 255

generally good with early decontamination and appropriate symptomatic therapy

Answer 256

Aflatoxicosis

Answer 257

Aspergillus species like flavus, parasiticus and nomius

Answer 258

crops with substantive energy content such as corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and rice

Answer 259

they are metabolized to reactive metabolites like aflatoxin epoxide that react with DNA RNA and proteins leading to organ function disruption, carcinogenesis, immunosuppression, mutagenesis, and teratogenesis common w hepatocellular damage

Answer 260

Liver disease Chronic- reduced weight gain, roughed hair coat, anemia, janudice, anorexia, and depression Dogs will develop GI disturbance with occasional hemorrhage and ascites

Answer 261

-get off feed -no antidote or specific treatment -oxytetracycleine to reduce hepatic damage and mortality -Activated charcoal Assess liver function as a response and predict prgnosis

Answer 262

Insect control to decrease fungal invasion Mold retarants such as propionic acid Ammoniation of feeds such as corn and cottonseed Na Ca aluminosilicate is an adbsorbent that binds aflatoxin

Answer 263

citrinin and ochratoxin

Answer 264

some Aspergillus and penicillium species which are found in contaminated grains, soybeans, white beans, peanuts, brazil nuts, surface of hams, red pepper, black pepper, coffee, and decaying vegetation and soil

Answer 265

Ruminants as the rumen microbes cleave it to a nontoxic form

Answer 266

1) inhibition of phenylalanine metabolizing enzymes 2) Promotion of lipid peroxidation 3) Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP production Reduces protein and mRNA pools in the kidney cells Renal gluconeogenesis and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is inhibited in rats and swine Immunosuppression may be related to inhibition of peripheral B and T lymphocyte proliferation Carcinogenic in lab animal suppression of NK cell activity

Answer 267

Acute (high dose): gastroenteritis, diarrhea, emesis, tenesmus, depression, anorexia, and dehydration Chronic: slower onset of kidney disease. Water intake and urination frequency is increased

Answer 268

Ammoniation Ascorbic acid of feed in egg producing hens or feed the contaminated feed to ruminants

Answer 269

Claviceps pupurea fungal bodies on rye

Answer 270

agonist and antagonist activity at tryptaminergic, dopaminergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors -Serotonin (5-HT) -Dopamine -Norepinephrien ex: vasodilation via D1 antagonist and Dopaminergic agonst at D2 receptors causing inhibition of prolactin secretion Vasoconstriction via agonist activity varies depending on vascular bed

Answer 271

Ergot toxicity

Answer 272

1) Cutaneous and gangrenous lesions on the tail and extremities (assoc. w subacute or chronic ingestion, cold temperatures enhance the clinical effects 2) Hyperthermia and production loss- reduces feed intake and milk production 3) Reproductive failure- hyperthermia- induced embryonic loss, agalactia, small weak foals, stillborns in pregnant horses, prolactin secretion causes loss of CL and abortion in dogs and rodents 4) Convulsive or nervous form- caused by acute ingestion of a large dose of sclerotia

Answer 273

-Remove source of ergot from animals diet hyperthermic effect in cattle will abate in 1-2 weeks euthanize animals with gangrenous extremities (poor recovery) Dopamine antagonist domperidone for uterine/agalactia mare Screen to prevent

Answer 274

a mycotoxin that poisons animals when contaminated feedstuffs are consumed produced by Fusarium fungi associated with excessive rain/high humidity pigs are more susceptible (due to poor vomitoxin metabolism) confusion on clinical signs - refusal to eat, vomiting at higher doses. Chickens might be tolerant but some mouth lesions and refusal to eat

Answer 275

Trichthecene and Zearalenone

Answer 276

a resorcyclic acid lactone produced by Fusariam fungi and absorptive enzymes produced at low temperatures so it is an issue in temperate zones Corn is the primary substrate Stable in the environment Toxin levels are not associated with the amount of mold

Answer 277

weak estrogen and binds to receptors for estradiol-17B. cause thymic atrophy, macrophage activation, and inhibit mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation

Answer 278

yes but <<<1%

Answer 279

Zearalenone

Answer 280

it virtually isnt unless morbidity sequelae lead to complications

Answer 281

-Remove contaminated feed -Tx external genitalia physical damage -Give PGF2a to correct anestrus due to retained corpora lutea -Good prognosis with estrogenic signs that usually disappear within a week -Prevention involves adequate drying of harvested crop to prevent further toxin production

Answer 282

Fumonisins

Answer 283

Fumonisins

Answer 284

Fumonisins

Answer 285

mycotoxin in corn by Fusarium verticolloides causes ELEM and porcine pulmonary edema corn specific inhibit sphinganine and sphingosine N-acyltransferase- inhibiting sphingolipid acute onset of signs

Answer 286

inhibit sphinganine and sphingosine N-acetyltransferase causes porcine pulomary edema as phingosine mediated inhibition of myocardial L-type calcium channels, decreases cardiac contractility, resulting in left sided heart failire and pulmonary edema causes ELEM- cardiac dysfunction leads to leukoencephalomalacia in horse

Answer 287

inhibit sphinganine and sphingosine N-acetyltransferase leading to sphingosine mediated inhibition of myocardial L-type calcium channels, decreases cardiac contractility, resulting in left sided heart failire and pulmonary edema

Answer 288

Signs develop 3-6 days after exposure Dyspnea open mouth breating, tachypnea, cyanosis, inactivity and sudden death due to sphingosine mediated inhibition of myocardial L-type calcium channels, decreases cardiac contractility, resulting in left sided heart failure and pulmonary edema

Answer 289

caused by fumonisin both neurotoxic and hepatic syndome hepatic: icterus, mucous membrane petechiae, and swelling of lips or muzzle Neurotoxic syndrome incluses frenzy, aimless circling, head pressing, paresis, ataxia, apparent blindness, depression and hyperexcitability

Answer 290

No treatments -Dilute corn to have lower concentrations or feed to less sensitive species like ruminants and poultry

Answer 291

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins -Sclerotia or endophye fungi growing on grasses that the animals consume via Reduced GABA and glutamate levels and vasoconstriction of the cerebrum leading to cerebral anoxia

Answer 292

Causes Staggers - presynamptic motor release and prolonged depolarization leading to reduced CNS GABA levels and Reduced CNS glutamate levels Vasoconstriction in the cerebrum leading to cerebral anoxia Minimal excitement triggers more significant symptoms like tremor, stiffness, ataxia, hypermetria, and seizure, opisthotonus

Answer 293

minimal excitement- when forced to run, animals have exaggerated flexure of the forelegs and incoordination causing them to fall then revert to signs of resting animal (minimal fine tremors)

Answer 294

presynamptic motor release and prolonged depolarization leading to reduced CNS GABA levels and Reduced CNS glutamate levels Vasoconstriction in the cerebrum leading to cerebral anoxia

Answer 295

-Replace contaminated forage and keep animals in a quiet,secure place until they recover -Medication enhance glycine in the CNS -deny animal access to endophyte-infested grass and planting only endophyte free grass seed Good prognosis with high morbidity but low mortality

Answer 296

Slaframine, an alkaloid synthesized from lysine by the fungus Rhizoctonia legumicola, which infects plants and causes Black Patch disease of clovers

Answer 297

Black Patch Disease on clovers- causes slobber syndrome by Slaframine

Answer 298

it is metabolized to a hetoimine metabolite that acts a a parasympathomimetic agent to stimulate the exocrine and endocrine glands

Answer 299

it can block activity by pre-administration but does not reverse response once initiated reversal is unlikely but can reduce severity of signs

Answer 300

Not at dosages stimultory to exocrine glands. except possibly in dogs

Answer 301

-Atropine (before clinical signs) , reversal is unlikely -antihistamines relief clinical signs -early removal from offending forage leads to rapid resolition of the problem with few if any aftereffects

Answer 302

cardiovascular effects

Answer 303

Fescue foot: indistinguishable from dry gangrene of extremities Summer Slump: decreased feed intake, weight gain, milk production, and impaired reproduction Fat necrosis: Presence of necrotic fat in the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Answer 304

aside from hypersalivation higher doses with longer exposure times are dehydration and cholinergic stimulation that can lead to decreased milk production, intestinal disturbances, and possibly abortions death is rare

Answer 305

a mycotoxin that is nephrotoxic no treatment avoid storing feedstuffs in moist environment

Answer 306

produced by numerous filamentous fungi cytotoxic agent whose activity to linked to rapid reaction with thiol and amine groups -inhibits protein synthesis, depleted GSH, induces oxidative stress -impaires mitochondrial function no antidote. treatment is symptomatic and supportive Prevention of exposure is best method to control

Answer 307

cytotoxic agent whose activity to linked to rapid reaction with thiol and amine groups -inhibits protein synthesis, depleted GSH, induces oxidative stress

Answer 308

used in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives, cleaners and yellow dyes. thought to be originally nontoxic added to pet food to fraudulently increase apparent protein content because protein is often estimated based on mitrogen content (67% content) when formed togher forms a crystalline lattice under acidic conditions leading to renal toxicosis and renal failure

Answer 309

acidic conditions

Answer 310

enteric bacterial enzymes can convert melamine to cyanuric acid

Answer 311

it forms a lattice with uric acid resulting in insoluble forms. Water intake plays a role in treating as with removing melamine and alkalizing the diet

Answer 312

Clinical signs: vomiting, inappetance, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy Urine: USG<1.035, elevated BUN, elevated creatinine, hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia, circular green-brown crystals present Postmortem findings: bilateral renogealy, uremia, tubular necrosis

Answer 313

fluid therapy, supportive care, urine alkalization (sodium bicarbonate, potassium citrate) older animals and those with pre-existing conditions were less likely to survive

Answer 314

compounds that form lipid soluble dynamically reversible complexes with cations and facilitate specific ion transport across biologic membranes 1) Neutral ionophores- highly toxic due to forming charged complexes that perturb membrane and action potentials 2) Carboxylic ionophores- form zwitterionic complexes with cations and promote electrically neutral cation exchange diffusion

Answer 315

Neutral ionophores

Answer 316

Carboxylic ionophores-

Answer 317

1) Reduction of coccidial oocyst discharge in ruminants 2) Prevention of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema 3) Decreased incidence of bloat 4) Prevention of ruminal lactic acidosis 5) Amelioration of ketosis in lactating dairy cows

Answer 318

1) ingestion by non-target species (Feed-mixing errors, ingredient contamination, labeled feed to inappropriate species) 2) Excessive dietary concentration in intended species

Answer 319

transport of ions across biologic membranes leading to net cellular imbalance- sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrongen Loss of ATP production in mitochondria -uncoupling of OX/Phos -loss of mitochondrial integrity

Answer 320

cellular and subcellular ion imbalances causing deficits in the function of excitable tissues: neurlogic, musculoskeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle.

Answer 321

pigs, dogs, and cats

Answer 322

no specific antidote -GI decontamination- emesis, activated charcoal, cathartic -Vitamin E or Selenium to minimize secondary oxidative damage (little benefit in cattle and pigs) Supportive care (Fluids for hydration and preventing renal casting of myoglobin) Keep quiet, good nutrition and husbandry support

Answer 323

Myocardial damage: guarded to poor Horses: breeding or foaling may be life-threatening Limited feed efficiency and weight gain in food producing animals Dogs- may recover over weeks or months but heart damage may still be a concern

Answer 324

only use in species for which they are formulated store ionophore premixes or concentration carefully calculate and mix feed formulations

Answer 325

produced in cotton plants absorption is inversely proportional to amount of dietary iron and supplementation with ferrous sulfate ruminants more susceptible accumulates in tissues hepatic metabolism multiple cellular porcesses but has anti-fertility activity by inhibiting sperm mitochondria and suppressing P4 and E2

Answer 326

Iron and ferrous sulfate inversely proportional inactivates free gossypol in cattle

Answer 327

ruminants, binds to proteins in rumen

Answer 328

Degeneration and necrosis in myocardium- fluid accumulation Liver toxicity Reproductive effects (male infertility- decreased spermatogenesis; female reproduction of decreased elvels of eastradiol 17-b)

Answer 329

sulfide when its overproduced by ruminal microflora

Answer 330

no microbial synthesis of protein and vitamins -sufficient energy -inorganic nitrogen -inorganic sulfut

Answer 331

cottonseed meal

Answer 332

high sulfate diet

Answer 333

ammoniation of feed

Answer 334

Crystalline Lattice

Answer 335

Male infertility Liver toxicity Myocardium degeneration

Answer 336

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

Answer 337

Alfalfa hay (good quality)

Answer 338

Ammonia (NH3)

Answer 339

Ionophores Sulfur NPN

Answer 340

inhibition of the e- transport chain by sulfide will lead to a decrease in ATP Oxidation in the mitochondria of sulfide to silfite can also lead to direct damage from sulfite radicals as well as inhibition of enzymes involved in the TCA high energy emands of neurons make these tissue more susceptbilbe to damage

Answer 341

-Dose of sulfur -Rate of dietary change -Dietary form of sulfur -Age of animals -Dietary factors apart from sulfur -Ambient temperature

Answer 342

Pathologic concentrations of sulfide gas are transient and will dissipate by the time clinical signs are apparent. -Retrospective dietary analysis -Measurements of sulfide in clinically normal hermdmates -PEM outbreaks, H2S concentration in 4/6 clinically normal pen mates were >2000ppm, a level that can precede development

Answer 343

-Supportive care- corticosteroids for cerebral edema and oral fluids and nutrients -Removal of source of sulfur -Roughage for animals on high concentrate diets

Answer 344

1) Reduce dietary sulfure to <0.40% or preferably <30% 2) Assess total sulfur intake before using ammonium sulfate for urinary acidification- ammonium chloride may be a safer option 3) Gradual adaptation to a high sulfure diet

Answer 345

it substantially improves the nutrient characteristics of roughages by -Increasing digestibility -Increasing intake -Increasing crude protein content -Allowing storage of higher moisture roughage by inhibiting mold development

Answer 346

names to describe the hyperexcitability syndrome seen in cattle after ingesting ammoniated feedstuffs. pyridines and imidazoles formed by the Maillard Rxn in toxic hay, occurs more frequent in higher quality forages, with more reducing sugar content are ammoniated

Answer 347

a potent convulsant that causes hyperexcitability as a result of the Maillard Reaction when ammonation occurs at temperatures >70C

Answer 348

=Remove ammoniated feed -Acepromazine and Thaiamine Hydrochloride -Milking out cows with affected calves good prognosis in adults when managed nursing lambs and claves have guarded prognosis

Answer 349

poor quality

Answer 350

the most common source is urea although other NPN sources have been used mixed into feeds liquid supplements mixed into molasses are popular exposure may also be through consumminh ammonium or urea-containing fertilizers

Answer 351

Excess NPN increases Ammonia (NH3) Ruminal pH increases Increased NH3 transit to the liver where it is converted to Urea (urea cycle) Excess ammonia enters the systemic circulation leading to toxicosis

Answer 352

in blood transits to brain. then incorporated into transamination reactions a-ketoglutarate i depleted- intermediate in TCA Gluamate is depleted- required for GABA

Answer 353

older cows very young cows lack the ruminal flora

Answer 354

-A lack of acclimation of an individual to urea -Anything that increases the alkalinity of rumen -Rations that are high in roughage and low in carbohydratr -Animals that are in poor body condition -Poorly mixed rations -Unrestricted access to palatable supplements

Answer 355

-Rapid development between 20min - 4 hours Terminal convulsion and death (2hr cattle, 4 hr sheep, 3-12 hours sheep) uneasiness, muscle and skin tremors, dyspnea, tachypnea, frequent urination and defecation, stiffening of front legs, prostration colic, rumen atony, bloat, regurg, cardiac arrythmias, cyanosis

Answer 356

Analysis for ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid, CNS fluid, vitreous fluid, blood, serum/plasma Normal <0.5mg/dL toxicosis - 1 mg/dL Death 3-6 mg/dL Analysis of feed for NPN content

Answer 357

-often impossible w rapid progression infusing rumen with 5% acetic acid cold water rumenotomy to replace rumen contents with hay slurry

Answer 358

poor, highly fatal. but survivors have no sequelae and recover 12-24 hours

Answer 359

-Client education on NPN induced ammonia toxicosis Careful formulation and feeding (NPN<3% of concentrate) Slowly acclimate animals to increased NPN in diet Acclimation is lost if animals stop eating the NPN for 1-3 days

Exam 4 Flashcards

(422 cards)