EXAM 4

Question 1

Biotic Stress

Answer 1

Pathogen attack
Insect attack

Question 1

Abiotic stress

Answer 1

Heat/Cold
Drought
Salt
Metals
Flooding

Question 2

Horticultural pests

Answer 2

An organism that conflicts with profit, health or convenience

Injurious to plants

Question 3

Horticultural pest groups

Answer 3

Weeds
Invertebrates
Pathogens
Vertebrates

Question 4

Invertebrates

Answer 4

Insects
Mites
Snails, slugs

Question 5

Pathogens

Answer 5

Bateria
Fungi
Viruses
Nematodes

Question 6

Why is host identification important?

Answer 6

Helps with pest diagnosis

Sure of what is causing damage

Select effective management

Make sure you’re controlling a pest and not a harmless organism

Question 7

How to identify plant pest?

Answer 7

Life cycle?
How does it reproduce?
Host preference?
Influenced by __? (temp, soil type)
Natural enemies

Question 8

Symptoms of pest problem

Answer 8

Changes in the plant’s growth or appearance in response to pest activity

Question 9

Signs of pest problem

Answer 9

Presence of the actual pest organism or direct evidence of the pest’s activity

Question 10

Why is plant scouting important?

Answer 10

Determine how best to manage the best, and which tactics to employ

Question 11

How to plant scout?

Answer 11

Is the problem getting worse or better?

Is it spreading?

How was the top before the pest appeared?

Question 12

Alternate host

Answer 12

A host that comes form a different family compared to the family of the primary host and helps a crop pest to complete its life cycle

Question 13

Vector

Answer 13

Human example:
- West Nile virus (no vaccine, no specific cure)
- Manage the vector: mosquitoes

Plant disease example:
- Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWS)
- Manage the thrips

Question 14

Integrated pest management (IPM)

Answer 14

I - Focus on interactions between crop, pests, crop management, environment, and various tactics

P - Any organism that exists at a level that causes plant injury and causes economic loss or concern

M - Using all available tacts to minimize negative impacts

Question 15

How does resistant pest populations develop?

Answer 15

Genetics traits OR as pesticides are applied more frequently, the population will soon consist of mostly resistant individuals

Question 16

Pest management goals

Answer 16

• Prevention
• Suppression
• Eradication

Question 17

Pest management tactics

Answer 17

• Biological (predators, diseases)
• Cultural (water, fertilizer, light)
• Mechanical (cultivation, burning)
• Chemical (pesticides, growth regulators)
• Genetic (resistance via traditional breeding, GMOs)
• Regulatory (quarantines, laws, eradication)

Question 18

GMO cons

Answer 18

Bolstering an unsustainable system

Question 19

GMO pros

Answer 19

Chemical perfection

Uniformity size

Question 20

Pomology

Answer 20

The science of growing fruit

Question 21

Types of strawberries

Answer 21

June bearing - Flower set during previous fall

Everbearing - Mid-them late summer

Day neutral - Hight temps cause vegetative growth vs. flowering/fruit

Question 22

Cultural requirements for production of strawberries

Answer 22

• Fertile, well-drained soil
• Raised beds
• Straw mulch
• Keep soil moist until 1st frost

Question 23

Raspberries

Answer 23

Receptacle remains on plant

Question 24

Blackberries

Answer 24

Receptacle with fruit

Question 25

Floricanes

Answer 25

Produce flowers and fruit once per season on second year canes

Question 26

Primocane

Answer 26

Produce flowers and fruit on floricanes

Question 27

Challenges for growing blueberries in CO

Answer 27

Soil pH Desiccation during winter - wind & low humidity

Question 28

Growing blueberries in container

Answer 28

- Large container - Soilless substrate - Full sun - Winter protection required

Question 29

Viticulture

Answer 29

Harvesting of grapes

Question 30

Types of grapes

Answer 30

1. American cultivars (used for juice and fresh consumption) 2. European cultivars (Tight clusters, wine-like flavor) 3. French-American hybrids (Depend on parentage)

Question 31

Production of grapes

Answer 31

- Site selection- sliced and well drained - Flower on 1st year wood - Avoid overwatering - Low fertilizer rates - Many pests

Question 32

What different tree fruits can be grown in Colorado?

Answer 32

Apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peached, nectarines, plums

Question 33

Pome fruits

Answer 33

- Core and firm - Tolerate clay soils - Fewer pest problems - Less frost damage

Question 34

Stone fruits

Answer 34

- Fleshy with pit - Not on clay or wet soils - Major pest problems -Early bloom = frost damage

Question 35

Rank tree fruits from easiest to difficult to produce

Answer 35

Pears Apples Cherries Peaches Nectarines Plums Apricots

Question 36

Pruning

Answer 36

Physical removal of parts of the plant

Question 37

Arboriculture

Answer 37

Pruning and care of woody plants

Question 38

Dehorning

Answer 38

Heavy drastic pruning of large limbs DONT DO IT

Question 39

Pollarding

Answer 39

Removing the upper branches of a tree Keeps trees smaller than they would normally grow

Question 40

Thinning out

Answer 40

Removal of branches back to their point of origin

Question 41

What is thinning used for?

Answer 41

- Decrease density of the canopy - Encourage other branches to grow and rejuvenate plant - Redirect growth

Question 42

Heading back

Answer 42

Removal of the terminal portions of the branch

Question 43

What is heading used for?

Answer 43

- Increase density of the canopy - Encourage branching

Question 44

General rules for pruning

Answer 44

- Heading cuts made about 1/4" above lateral bud - Cuts made at an angle

Question 45

Why pruning for fruit trees?

Answer 45

- Increase air circulation (reduce fungal diseases) - Increases sun & yield (more sun, more flower) - Extends life (Prevents damage(

Question 46

Post harvest

Answer 46

Involves the handling processes of a crop immediately following harvest Cooling, cleaning, sorting, packing, storing and shipping

Question 47

Goal of post-harvest handling

Answer 47

Maintain the highest level of quality

Question 48

Grades and standards

Answer 48

Published by the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service to ensure quality and availability of food

Question 49

Field packing

Answer 49

Place harvested product in their final storage container

Question 50

Physiological maturity

Answer 50

Can develop after detachment

Question 51

Horticultural maturity

Answer 51

Stage when ready for eating

Question 52

Post harvest handling process

Answer 52

Dumping/collection Pre-sorting Washing Sizing/grading Wrapping Packing Cooling

Question 53

Marketing of horticultural products

Answer 53

- Direct to consumer (CSA, farm stand) - Retail (farmers market) - Wholesale (chain stores)