EXAM 4 Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
Define Attribution Theory
A
We explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person disposition
2
Q
Internal vs ______ Factors
A
External
3
Q
Internal (Situational)
A
caused by something within the person
4
Q
External (Dispositional)
A
caused by something outside the persons power
5
Q
Internal (Situational) Example
A
intelligance, personlity and attitude
6
Q
External (Dispositional) Example
A
group pressure, weather and luck
7
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
our tendency to overattribute other people’s behaviors to internal rather than external
causes.
8
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error Example
A
when a person falls we think theyre clumsy but instead their shoe might have been untied
9
Q
How do we explain our behavior vs. that of others?
A
we reverse the fundamental attribution error. We blame the situation for our failures although we take person credit for our sucess
10
Q
How does attribution differ across cultures?
A
collectivist cultures emphasize group unity, allegiance, and purpose over the wishes of the individual, and do not make same kids of attributions
11
Q
Define Attitude
A
feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular wat to object, people and events
12
Q
The way we explain someone’s behavior affects how we respond and react
A
someone is trying to cut us off and we could think two ways maybe the person has somewhere to be and we let them cut us off or we think that person is rude and we speed off so they won’t cut us off
13
Q
Define Persuasion
A
the process of influencing or changing someones beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through communication
14
Q
Explain Central Route
A
is rational influencing with evidence and logic
15
Q
Peripheral Route
A
is by appealing to fears, desires and associations
16
Q
Central Route example
A
My product has been proven more effective
17
Q
Peripheral Route Example
A
People who buy my product are happier
18
Q
Under what conditions do attitudes affect our action most?
A
- External influences are minimal 2. The attitudes are stable 3. The attitude is specific to the behavior 4. Attitude is easily recalled
19
Q
Can attitudes affect actions?
A
Yes
20
Q
Can actions affect attitudes?
A
Yes
21
Q
Explain the Foot in the Door phenomenon
A
The tendency to be more likely to agree to a large request after agreeing to a small one
22
Q
What is meant by a trait in the context of psychology?
A
an enduring quality that makes a person tend to act a certain way
23
Q
Foot in the door Example
A
You want ask someone for 50$ so first you ask them fro !00$ they’re going to say no because it is a big amount so when you ask fro 50$ it wont seem like a lot and they will say yes
24
Q
Explain the effects of playing a role
A
When we play a role even if we know it is just pretending we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the roles
25
Give an example of the effects of playing a role
Actors who obsessed with their roles they couldn't break out of them like Austin Bulter playing Elvis and still using his voice later on after the movie
26
What was the Stanford Prison Experiment?
it was a psychological study conducted in 1971 at Stanford University revealing the powerful influence of situational factors on human behavior as college students assigned to play the guards and prisoners in a stimulated prison quickly adopted abusive and authoring behaviors
27
Explain Cognitive Dissonance
when our actions are not in harmony with out attitudes
28
Cognitive Dissonance Example
we say liars are bad people but I had just lied as well
29
How do we tend to resolve Cognitive Dissonance?
People often resolve cognitive dissonance by either changing their beliefs to align with their actions or by rationalizing and finding new information that supports their existing beliefs, aiming to reduce the psychological discomfort of holding conflicting thoughts. The process involves a dynamic interplay between attitude change and cognitive adjustments to achieve internal consistency.
30
Adjusting attitudes vs adjusting behaviors Example
Adjusting attitudes: If someone values environmental conservation but frequently uses single-use plastic, they may alter their attitude by becoming more aware of eco-friendly practices and adopting a belief in reducing plastic waste.
Adjusting behaviors: Conversely, an individual with a pre-existing environmentalist attitude may decide to adjust their behavior by consistently using reusable products, aligning their actions with their existing attitude towards conservation.
31
Social Influence - Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
32
Explain Conformity
complying with social pressures a type of social influence through which group members come to share similar beliefs and stands of behavior
33
Conformity Examples
You see everyone is saying hi so you say hi
34
Different types of Conformity (3)
Automatic mimicry, Social norms, and social influences
35
Explain Automatic mimicry
he subconscious tendency to imitate the behaviors, gestures, or expressions of others in social interactions, contributing to a sense of rapport and social cohesion.
36
Automatic mimicry Examples
yawing and adopting regional accents
37
Social Norms affect what?
out thinking and behavior
38
Social Norms Examples
we give the answer that everyone around is saying so we wont stand out even if we disagree
39
When are we most likely to conform?
when we are made to feel incompetent/insecure, in a group of 3 or more, when everyone else agrees with each other and when you have gave no pervious responses
40
Social influences
normative and informational
41
Explain Normative
going along with other in pursuit of social approval or bellogning
42
Normative Examples
the need to belong to a church to avoid paying the price of being different
43
Explain Informational
going along with others because their ideas and behavior make sense, the evidence in our social environment changes out mind
44
Informational Example
going to a fancy restaurant and dressing nice and driving on the right side of the road
45
Explain Obedience
response to commands
46
Describe Milligram Obedience Experiment
demonstrated the extent to which individuals would comply with authority figures by administering potentially lethal shocks to stagers, highlighting the alarming capacity for ordinary people to engage in harmful action under order
47
What did we conclude and learn from the Milligram Obedience Experiment?
individuals even those with no inherent malice could engage in harmful and extreme actions when directed at authority figures
48
What factors increase the tendency to obey orders?
When orders are given by someone with legitimate authority, someone associated with someone prestigious, and someone standing close by
49
What are the types of Social influences?(5)
Social facilitation, Social loafing, deindividuation, group polarizing and groupthink
50
Explain Group Behavior
other ways our behavior changes in a group or presence of others
51
Explain Social Facilitation
improvement in a individual's performance when working with other people or simply because other people are present
52
Social Facilitation Example
playing a game at your home field or running at the end of the marathon
53
Explain Social Loafing
the phenomon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when he or she is works a in a group than working alone
54
Social Loafing Example
In a tug-a-war experience blindfolded participants pulled harder on the ripe when they were told that they were alone
55
Explain Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self restraint in groups
becomes someone they are not
56
Deindividuation Example
riots, concerts and online bullying
57
Explain Group Polarization
the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members
58
Group Polarization Example
extreme animal rights groups protesting and engaging in violent attacks
59
Explain Groupthink
occurs with a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in a irritation or dysfunctional decisions-making outcome
60
Groupthink Example
employees may conform to the major opinion on a proposed strategy even if someone privately disagrees
61
Explain Prejudice
an unjustified usually negative attitude toward a group and its members
62
Components of Prejudice (3)
Beliefs, Emotions, and Predisposition to act
63
Emotions use what? 3
hostility , envy and fear
64
Predisposition to what?
act and/or to discrimanite
65
Predisposition examples
shop owner refuses to make a cake for a gay marriage
66
Explain Automatic Prejudice
subtle, and institutional prejudice still occurs even when people state that they have no prejudice in principle but have unconscious prejudiced reactions
67
Social roots of prejudice2
social inequality and ingroups vs outgroups
68
Explain Social inequality
when some groups have fewer resources and opportunities than others: it breeds contempt for the people better off disrespect for people less well off
69
Explain Ingroups vs Outgroups
need to belong, dividing the world into us vs them
70
Ingroups vs Outgroups Examples
a football team vs a nother football team
71
Explain Scapegoat Theory
when bad things happen, prejudice offers an outer for anger by finding someone to blame
72
Scapegoat Theory Example
trump calling covid the Chinese diasease
73
Fear and the Brain in amygdala
prejudice seems absent in people with inactive fear responses in the amygdala
74
Cognitive roots of prejudice 3
forming categories, power of vivid cases, and just world belief
75
Explain Forming Categories
we tend to see uniformity in the appearance of other groups and may assume other similarities such as traits these presumed similarities from stereotype
76
Explain Power of vivid cases
Muslims and 9/11
77
Explain Just World's belief
fallacy believes that justice generally happens and that people get the benefits and punishment they deserve
78
Just world belief Example
rich people work and poor people are lazy
79
Explain Aggression
behavior with the intent of harming another person
80
Different causes of Aggression
driven by hostile rage or can be coldly calualted
81
The biology of aggression
cannot be explained by a single genetic trait
82
What is the proof of genetic components?
the breedings of dogs and twin studies
83
Genetic Components of Breeding Dogs
aggression an be selectively bred thus genes are passed on to the next generation
84
Genetic Components of Twin Studies
identical twins are more similar in their levels of a aggression than fraternal twins or siblings
85
Brain activity on aggression
stimulation of given brain parts might lead to agression
86
Role of hormones (Testosterone)
reducing testosterone reduces aggression in both humans and animals
87
Explain Altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of other people
88
Explain Bystander Effect
fewer people help when others are avaible
89
Bystander Effect Example
someone laying on the ground in a crowded place is moe likely to be left alone because no one has helped because they think he is dangerous or is faking it since no one has helped
90
Why does the bystander effect happen?
Because of Social factors 1. Diffusion of responsibility 2. Everyone is waiting for someone to help first 3. If no one is telling they must know he's dangerous or faking it
91
When are bystander most likely to help?
When the person appears to be in need or when the person is a women or in a rural area
92
Explain Proximity
increases the attractiveness of a person as a result of the continues exposure that happens
93
Attraction in Physical Appearance
standard differ from culture about facial and body feature and desirable
94
Attraction in similar versus opposites
we like those we share our features , we like those who have similar feelings
95
What is Freud and Psychodynamic ?
views of the unconscious parts of the self
96
Vienna physician who explored mental and physical symptoms caused by psychological factors
observed that manu powerful mental processes operate in the unconscious (without our awareness)
97
At the basis of psychoanalysis
Sigmund freud led to the birth of psychoanalysis
98
What is psychoanalysis?
a from of therapy that explores the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind to understand and treat health issues
99
What is free association?
encourage the patient to speak whatever comes to the mind
100
What is a Freudian Slip of the Tongue?
a verbal mistake though to be caused by unconscious thoughts
101
Freud's Theory of personality
represented in a iceberg
102
Explain as in iceberg
ID, Superego and Ego
103
Explain Id
resides in the unconscious mind. Acts according to the pleasure principle the idea that needs should be meet immendialty
104
Explain Superego
society rules and constraints represents the internalized of cultural (how to behave)
105
Explain Ego
part of the Id which has been modified by direct influence of the external world. It deals with reality
106
Roles of Id, superego and ego in developing personalities (0-5yrs)
pleasure principle to reality principle
morality principle to reality principle
107
Can you identify Psychosexual stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent and puberty
108
Oral stage age
birth to 1 years old
109
Anal stage age
1 to 3 years old
110
Phallic stage age
3 to 6 years old
111
Latent stage age
6 years old to puberty
112
Puberty stage age
genital puberty to death
113
Explain why being fixated at one stage can lead to issues as an adult
when an issue or conflict remains unsolved. It leaves the individual focused on this stage and unable to move on to the next stage
114
Explain Oedipus Complex
In the Phallic Stage, Freud posited that boys, seeking genital stimulation develop unconscious sexual desires for their mothers leading to feelings of rivalry and hatred toward their father
115
Anxiety defense mechanisms according to Freud
anxiety about our unacceptable wishes and impulse we use multiple strategies to repress
116
What are Anxiety Defenses ?
Reaction formation, regression, projection, rationalization, displacement and denial
117
Explain Reaction formation
Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one threatening or unacceptable thoughts
118
Reaction formation example
Sarah, harboring deep resentment towards her demanding boss, employs reaction formation by consistently presenting herself as excessively nice, cheerful, and accommodating in order to unconsciously conceal her true feelings of frustration and anger.
119
Explain Regression
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage
120
Regression example
oral leading to sucking thumb for pleasure
anal to withholding feces
121
Explain Projection
attributing own thoughts feelings and motives to another
122
Projection Example
I can't believe you cheated on me !!
123
Explain Rationalization
behaviors are justifies and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner aka making up excuses
124
Rationalization Example
I failed the test because the teacher hates me
125
Explain Displacement
negative feelings are transferred form the original source of the emotion to a less threatening person or object
126
Displacement Example
angry kid hits dog when mad
127
Explain denial
refusal to accept reality thus blocking external events from awareness
128
Denial Example
a person who constantly goes to the bar says that they don't have a drinking problems
129
Explain Psychodynamic
human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience
130
Differnce in psychoanlysts and pschodynamic
Psychoanalysis is concerned with the unconscious and dreams
Psychodynamics is concerned with the human personality
131
Alder
believe all people are unique and no theory can be applied to all people
132
Horney
believed that neurosis resulted from basic anxiety caused by interpersonal relationships
133
Jung
believed in synchronicity
134
What is meant by synchronicity (Jung)
opportunities for person growth by fiding meaning in moments of coincidence
135
Psychodynamic Personality Assessment
Free associations and Projective tests
136
What is the Rorschach test
you are shown inkblots and asked what do you see in these inkblots
137
Are Freud's ideas still valid?
in some ways
138
Updates on Freud's
unconscious is a stream not a resvoir
139
If not valid anymore then what is his legacy?
ego, projection, regression, rationalization, dream interpretation inferiority complex
140
What is the focus of Humanistic Theories
to emphasize the individuals capacity for self-actualization, personal growth and pursuit of ones unique potential ina positive and supportive environment
141
Can you explain Maslow Pyramid of self-actualization
unfillling ones potential of self transcendence people are motivated to keep moving up a hierarchy of needs
142
Rogers 3 conditions that facilitate growth
Genuine, acceptance and empathy
143
Explain empathy
tunning into the feelings of others
144
Explain acceptance
acknowledge feelings and problems
145
Explain genuineness
being honest and direct
146
Ideal vs Actual self in Humanistic view
the core of personality is the self-concept our sense of our nature and identifying self-concept that matches their ideal self
147
Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through brain activity
extraverts tend to have lower brain activity in the frontal lobes making it harder to suppress impulses leading them to seek stimulation
148
Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through body and autonomous system (shyness)
te trait of shyness appears to be related to high automatic system reality an easily triggered alarm system
149
Evidence that traits are rooted in biology through Genes (evidence from dog breeding)
selective breeding of animals seems to crate lifelong differences in traits such as aggression sociability or calmness suggesting genetic roots
150
Questionnaires strategies to obtain effective questionnaires
questionnaire assessing many personality traits by asking which behaviors and response the person would
151
Explain Personality description and Barnum statements
you have a strong desire for others to appreciate and admire you and you often find yourself being self-critical while you may appear composed externally
152
Modern Personality assessment test
CANOE
153
What does CANOE stand for
conscientiousness -> agreebleness->neuroticism ->openess->extraversion
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Trait stability throughout a lifetime
no ones distinctive mix of traits doesn't change much over the lifespan
155
Albert Bandura
the personality of an individual is shaped the interaction between their characteristics and the social environment they are in which influences their perception of the interaction between their person characteristics and the social environment they are in which influences their perception of themselves and their surroundings
156
Explain reciprocal influences of becoming
a back and forth influence with no primary case
157
Reciprocal influences of becoming example
tendency to enjoy risky behavior ->affects choice of friends -> they encourge rock climbing -> leads to identification with rock climbing -> ->
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Explain the locus of control
the agree to which people believe that they as opposed to external forces, have control over the outcome of events in their lives
159
What is the difference between external and internal control
Internal control: we feel we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances
External control: we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate
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Example of Internal control
I control my future
161
Example of external control
They control my future
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What was Self control Marshmallow study ?
kids who resisted the temptation to eat marshmallows later has more success in school and socially
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Explained learned helplessness
mental state in which an organism forced to be aversive conditions that are painful or unpleasant become unable or unwilling to avoid similar encounters in the future
164
Experiments with dogs demonstrate what in helpless.
Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups to experienced shocks in the first part group 1 dog learned to stop the shocks by pressing a lever while group 2 dogs had no control in the second part when placed in a box with an escape option most group 1 dog avoided shocks while most in group 2 dogs did not escape revealing learned helpless
165
Example of Learned helpless
when given an option to turn off a noise you chose to not turn it off
166
What is optimism versus pessimism?
Half full, half empty water cup
167
Can optimism versus pessimism be applied to many aspects?
It can be applied to predict, attention, intent, valuation and potential for change
168
What did Martin Seligman develop
postive psychology
169
What was Martins Seligman postive psychology about?
emotions, engagement, character, courage, groups, culture and institutions
170
Define Self
the core personality the organizer and reservoir of thoughts , feelings and actions choices and attitudes
171
Define the Spotlight effect
assuming that people are having attention focused on you when they actually may not be notching you
172
What did we learn from Barry Mallow t shirt experiment?
people don't notice our errors, quirks, features and choice of clothes as much as we do
173
What can low self esteem lead to
prejudice and being critical of others
174
Explain Self-Serving Bias
our tendency to overattribute our failures to external factors
175
Explain Fundamental attribution error
refers to our tendency to overattribute other people's behaviors to internal rather than external factors
176
Narcissism
a personality trait characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, a lack of empathy, and a constant need for admiration.
177
What is a psychological disorders?
patterns of thoughts or action that deviant, distressful and dysfunctional
178
Describe Psychological disorders
disorder, patterns, dysfunction and deviant
179
Why is diagnosis important?
helps to know how to treat the person and helps to understand the case
180
Mental disease early history
Ancient perspectives on mental disorders involved trephination to expel evil spirits and depicted them in Greek mythology as religious conflicts. This evolved with Hippocrates linking mental disorders to bodily fluid imbalances, while Greeks and Romans acknowledged the social disruptions, leading to laws for guardianship. Galen further categorized mental illnesses based on humoral imbalances, encompassing frenzy, mania, melancholy, and fatuity.
181
Mental disease, middle ages
During the Middle Ages, the Church's influence emphasized spiritual aspects of medicine, overshadowing the physical. Folk beliefs, associating lunar cycles and deals with the devil with mental illness, persisted and influenced treatments, which often involved drastic measures such as bleeding, sedatives, and even throwing the mentally ill into rivers, while faith in saints and shrines was believed to hold healing powers for mental disorders.
182
What are Pinels innovations
Pinel's innovations in mental health marked a shift in understanding mental illness by rejecting the notion of demonic possession and attributing disorders to environmental factors like stress and inhumane conditions. His "moral treatment" introduced improvements in the patient environment, replacing harsh practices with more humane approaches, such as patient dances, emphasizing a more individualized and compassionate approach to mental health care.
183
How did the treatment of syphilis change our thinking of Mental disease?
The discovery that syphilis could cause neurosyphilis and psychiatric symptoms in the late 19th and early 20th centuries prompted a paradigm shift, emphasizing the biological basis of mental illness and challenging prevailing psychoanalytic explanations.
184
What are biopsychosocial approaches?
evolution, psychological and social-cultural influences
185
Explain biopsychosocial biological influences
evolution, individual genes and brain structure and chemistry
186
Explain biopsychosocial psychological influences
stress, truama, learned helpness, mood-related perceptions and memories
187
Explain biopsychosocial social culture influences
roles, expectations, normality and disorder
188
What is the purpose of DSM-5
book with the information on mental disorders
189
What are the Advantages of DSM-5
everyone around the world uses it so everyone can be on the same page
190
What is the critique of DSM-5
too many disordered people, seem arbitrary, value judgments and direct how we view and interpret the world
191
Explain mental disease, stigma, and stereotypes
gives labels to people putting more eyes on them when it might not even be true
192
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Phobias, Obbessive0compulisive disorder and PTSD
193
Explain of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD)
194
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Physical symptoms
automatic aerosol, trembling, sweating, fidgeting and sleep disruption
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder Emotional symptoms
worrying, anxious feelings & thoughts, and anxious anticipation interfere
196
Explain Panic Disorders
I am Dying Panic Attack and Panic Disorder
197
Panic disorder symptoms
chest ain, chocking and numbness
198
Explain Phobias
more than just a strong fear or dislike
199
Examples of Phobias
snakes=arachnophobia Even a image can trigger a reaction
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Define Obsession
Popping up in the mind of unwanted worries and images
201
Define Complusion
strong urge of needing to act such as counting and cleaning behaviors can't be controlled
202
Why is Obsessive compulsive disorders a disorder?
time and mental energy spent on these thoughts/behaviors affect everyday life
203
What is PTSD
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
204
When is PTSD diagnosed?
It is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, etc
205
Why do some people get PTSD and others don't while being exposed to the same traumas?
Some people have a sensitive amygdala
206
What causes anxiety?
issues repressed in the
unconscious mind
207
What is mood disorders
major depressive (MDD) and Bipolar Disorder
208
What are Depressive disorder's criteria?
1. Depressed mood of the day and or
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
209
Is depression the common cold of disorders?
No its more dangerous and can cause suicide, has fewer observable symptoms , lasts longer than a cold doesn't go away with time, and is less contagious.
210
What is seasonal affective disorder?
sad, involves a recurring seasonal patterns of depressiostudydy, usually during winter short, dark and cold days
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What is bipolar disorder
two polar opposite mood are depression and mania
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Explain Mania mood
euphoric, giddy, easily irritated with: Exagerrate optimism, hypersociality and sexuality delight in everything , little desire to sleep
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Explain Depressed mood
stuck feelings down with exaggerated optimism social withdrawal lack of felt pleasure, inactivity, and no initiative
214
What is the link in bipolar disorders in creative geniuses
creta energy like Mariah Carey, Demi Lovato and Vicent Van Gogh
215
What is non-sucidal injury
has function such as sending a message or it is self punishment like cutting wrist
216
What is the biology of depression from an evolutionary point of view?
under stress depression is social-emotional hibernation allowing to : conserve energy , avoid conflicts and other risks, let go of unattainable goals and take time to complete
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What is the biology of depression from changes in brain activity and neurotransmitters?
brain activity diminishes in depression brain structure smaller forntal love. Neurotransmitters less norepinephrine (arousing) and reduced serotinin
218
What is the biology of depression from treating depression?
it is to adjust the neurotransmitters with medication. increase serotonin levels with exercise
219
Describe schizophrenia
psychosis refers to a mental split between reality and rationality. a split form ones own thoughts so that they appear as hallucinations
220
What are symptoms of schizophrenia ?
disorganized and or delusion thinking, disturbed perception and inappropriate emotions and actions
221
What is a positive in symptoms?
something that is added that shouldn't be there to the disease
222
What is a negative in symptoms?
something that is removed that should be there due to the disease
223
Postive sympotms of schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions, abnormal motor behavior and disorganized thinking
224
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
affective, deficits, communicative deficits, relationships deceits and avolition
225
The brain and schizophrenia
too much dopamine/D4 receptors, reduced firing in frontal lobes thalamus become active during hallucinations and shrinking of many brain areas and connection between them
226
onset symptoms of schizophrenia
typically schizophrenic symptoms appear at the of adolescence and in early adulthood later for women than men
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Prevalence of the psychological disorder in schizophrenia
nearly 1 in 100 people develop schizophrenia slightly more men than women
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Schizophrenia Development
The course of schizophrenia can be acute/reactive or chronic.
229
Acute/Reactive
In reaction to stress, some
people develop positive
symptoms such as
hallucinations
230
Chronic
develops slowly, with more negative
symptoms such as flat affect and
social withdrawal. With treatment and support, there may be periods of a normal life, but not a cure
231
Subtypes of schizophrenia
paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual
232
risk factors of schizophrenia
biological ,genetic , environmental and psychological
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risk factors of schizophrenia biological
low birth weight, maternal diabetes, older parental age, famine and oxygen deprivation during delivery or maternal virus during mid-pregnancy affecting brain activity
234
risk factors of schizophrenia genetic
one identical twin has schizophrenia other has a 50% chance
235
risk factors of schizophrenia environmental
two placentas (DIOCHORONIC) share 50 % genetic material one placenta (MONOCHORIONIC) shares 100% genetic material
236
risk factors of schizophrenia psychological
such as stress might affect the onset of schizophrenia
237
What are other disorders?
Dissociative, Eating and personality
disorders
238
What is a dissociative disorder?
dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe dissociation
239
Explain multiple personality disorder
Dissociative identity Disorder (D.I.D) are distinct and not present in consciousness at the same time and may or may not appear to be aware of each other
240
Explain eating disorder
involve unrealistic body image and extreme body ideal, cycles of depression, and health problems
241
What are personality disorders?
are enduring patterns of social and other behavior that impair social functioning
242
What is an Antisocial personality?
refers to acting impulsively or fearlessly without regard for other needs or feelings
243
What are risk factors of personality disorders?
Genetics, low physiological arsoul, fear conditions is impaired, reduced prefrontal cortex tissue and substance dependce is more likely
244
Who has lower brain activity? Extravorters or Invtovert
extravert
245
explain self-serving bias
our tendency
to overattribute our successes to internal
factors and overattribute our failures to
external factors
246
Distress and dysfunction
symptoms severe enough to
interfere with one’s daily life and well-being
247
Deviant
differing from what is considered normal
248
psychopathology
an illness of the mind
249
Culture-bound syndromes
disorders which only seem to exist within
certain cultures
250
Central route persuasion is most likely when people
are naturally analytical
251
People are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
individualism
252
Which personality theory emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?
humanistic
253
Personality traits change less among
children
254
Almost all the “teachers” in Milgram’s obedience experiment, when ordered to shock a “learner”…
complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock.
255
After a traffic light turns green, drivers take about significantly less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
social facilitation
256
Dwayne is consistently optimistic, talkative, and impulsive. Each of these characteristics most clearly represents a
trait
257
The Neo-Freudians psychodynamic theorists gave more importance (than Freud did) to the role of ________ in personality development.
the conscious mind
258
To study the underlying symptoms of his patients, Freud most likely used…
free association
259
Which statement, based upon evidence of the impact of biology is correct?
extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is relatively low
260
After 15 year old Anita gave in to her friends’ request of drinking beer with them, she found it hard to resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
261
In explaining our own behavior, or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
situational attributions.
262
Actions of newborns – according to Freud - are dominated by
the id.
263
The governor claimed that unemployment reached the lowest level in years because of his hard work; he however blamed the previous government for an acute housing problem that was still unresolved. The governor’s assessments best illustrate
self-serving bias.
264
Lingering childhood conflicts (according to Freud) often lead to
fixation
265
While Nancy is jogging in the park, she passes an older man who is sitting on a bench while moaning in pain. The presence of others will most likely increase the likelihood that Nancy will
fail to notice the older man’s problem.
266
Nathalie was informed that her neighbor Marie was involved in an car accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Nathalie to believe that
“Mary’s recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”
267
Peter concluded that his wife was late for lunch because she was held up in a meeting. His conclusion best illustrates
a situational attribution.
268
No matter how many hours Robert is studying, he always get bad grades. Now he just gave up and is not even trying anymore. Robert’s behavior most clearly reflects
learned helplessness.
269
In Philip Zimbardo’s simulated prison study, the participants…
were so endangered by their role-playing experience that the study was discontinued.
270
Feeling uneasy for actions that go against our conscience is most likely to contribute to
cognitive dissonance.
271
Juan is convinced that the “system” is biased against Hispanics. Therefore, he is sure that he never will be able to make enough money to build a stable future. Juan’s thinking most clearly demonstrates
an external locus of control
272
During a parapsychological phenomenon symposium, a strange old woman, who uses palm reading and astrology, impressed everybody by giving an accurate description of their personalities; she most likely took advantage of
the Barnum effect
273
The likelihood that we will conform to group pressure is higher when
we admire the group’s status and attractiveness.
274
The problem with group works where every member receives the same grade is that it likely will lead to…
social loafing
