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Neuro of DA > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) neurons originating in the amygdala central nucleus do what

A

project to the locus coeruleus and activate the adrenergic component of the stress response

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2
Q

anxiolytics

A

drugs to relieve anxiety, these are sedative hypnotics or CNS depressants

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3
Q

primary mechanism of action of anxiolytics

A

enhancing GABA transmission

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4
Q

longer acting BDZs are

A

useful hypnotics, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants

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5
Q

Buspirone

A

partial agonist at serotonin 1A receptor, does not enhance GABA action

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6
Q

what is the therapeutic index and abuse potential of SSRIs

A

high therapeutic index, low abuse potential

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7
Q

patients with anxiety disorders have abnormal

A

ANS response, higher NE released

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8
Q

why is the amygdala important to emotion processing circuits

A

receives processed sensory and cognitive information, negative emotional stimuli activate the amygdala in humans

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9
Q

anxiety disorders may be due to an imbalance between

A

emotion generating centers and higher cortical control

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10
Q

locus coeruleus NE cells are excited by

A

synaptic input from the CRF neurons in the amygdala

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11
Q

locus coeruleus NE cells are inhibited by

A

GABA, serotonin, and stimulation of a2 adrenergic somatodendritic autoreceptors

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12
Q

benzodiazepines enhance

A

inhibitory function of GABA

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13
Q

inhibitory GABA has a major role in modulating anxiety by

A

glutamatergic neurons from the PFC stimulate GABA neurons in the amygdala

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14
Q

BDZ and barbiturates bind to what to enhance function

A

GABA a receptors

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15
Q

what other modulators also enhance GABA function

A

alcohol, naturally occurring neurosteroids

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16
Q

neurosteroid levels tend to be lower in individuals with

A

general anxiety disorder and social phobia

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17
Q

baseline levels of neurosteroids are elevated in panic disorder but drop when a panic attack is induced, indicating

A

reduced GABA control of the anxiety

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18
Q

BDZs and barbituartes have binding sites on

A

GABA a receptors

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19
Q

what are barbituarates used for

A

anesthesia, seizure control, sleep induction, sedatives, alcohol withdrawl

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20
Q

side effects of barbituarates

A

induces sleep, reduced REM sleep, mental clouding, loss of judgement, slowed reflexes

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21
Q

what can high doses of barbiturates cause

A

intoxication, coma/death from respiration, dangerous with alcohol

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22
Q

problems with barbiturates

A

rapid tolerance, severe withdrawal, low safety margin

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23
Q

desirable effects of barbiturates

A

anxiety relief, loss of inhibitions, can take the edge off of other drugs

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24
Q

BDZs are highly effective for

A

anxiety reduction, don’t have side effects of barbiturates

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25
BDZ choice is based on
speed of onset and duration of drug action
26
acetylcholine is synthesized from
choline and acetyl coenzyme A, catalyzed by choline acetyltransferase (chAT)
27
ACh is loaded into synaptic vesicles by
VAChT
28
VAChT can be blocked by
vesamicol
29
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down to
choline and acetic acid
30
drugs that block AChE prevent
inactivation of ACh (this is useful for disorders in which cholinergic transmission is deficient)
31
interneurons in the striatum
regulate dopaminergic output in the striatum
32
low dopamine levels cause transmitter imbalance and
hyperactivity of cholinergic neurons (Parkinson's)
33
basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS)
neurons in several brain areas, origin of cholinergic innervation
34
different components of the BFCS have different roles in
cognition
35
cholinergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band to the hippocampus and are involved in
declarative memories
36
projections from the nucleus basalis/substantia innominata to the prefrontal cortex are important for
maintaining sustained attention
37
bursts of ACh release from BFCS neurons play a key role in
detecting and responding to learned sensory cues (in mice)
38
cholinergic neurons in the LDTg and PPTg stimulate
dopamine neurons and effect drug reward and reinforcement, as well as initiation of REM sleep
39
two acetylcholine receptor subtypes
nicotinic and muscarinic
40
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are
ionotropic, hyperpolarizing, mediate fast excitatory responses in CNS and PNS
41
how to get an ACh receptor channel to open
all binding sites must be occupied by ACh or another agonist (such as nicotine)
42
subunit composition determines
key features of a receptor such as affinity of binding sites, ionic selectivity, allosteric binding sites, channel opening/closing kinetics
43
ionotropic receptors can be
open, closed, or desensitized (channel is closed and won't open even with bound agonist; can re-sensitize spontaneously)
44
depolarization block
resting potential of the membrane is lost and cell cannot be excited until agonist is removed and membrane repolarized
45
muscarinic receptors are
metabotropic, operate via second messengers
46
M1, M3, M5 muscarinic receptors are
excitatory
47
M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors are
inhibitory
48
muscarinic receptors play an important role in
cognitive effects of Ach, motor function, and drug reinforcement
49
principal metabolite of nicotine
cotinine, catalyzed by cytochrome P450 2A6
50
nicotine activates
nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs), ionotropic and produce rapid excitatory responses
51
the mesolimbic dopamine pathway from the VTA to the NAcc plays a key role in
reinforcement
52
aversive effects of nicotine
nausea, dizziness, sweating, headache, palpitations, stomachache, clammy hands
53
a mutation in the a5 gene results in
less aversion to nicotine and heavier smoking
54
desensitization of central nAChRs results in
acute tolerance
55
up regulation of nAChR levels results in
chronic tolerance
56
nicotine resource model
mood control and enhanced concentration are dual motivation
57
deprivation reversal model
alleviation of irritability, stress, and poor concentration in withdrawal
58
smoking during pregnancy can cause
stillbirth, SIDS, low birth weight
59
treatment options for nicotine addiction
self help materials cessation advice individual/group counseling medications
60
nicotine replacement therapy
relieves withdrawal symptoms with nicotine gum/lozenges, transdermal patch, nasal spray/inhalers
61
bupropion
a dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and weak nicotine receptor antagonist
62
varenicline
a partial agonist at high affinity nicotine receptors
63
cannabis plants contain over 120 compounds called
phytocannabinoids
64
psychoactive compound in cannabis
THC
65
mix of dried leaves and flowering tops
marijuana
66
dried resin consisting of fine outgrowths from top of plant
hashish
67
organic extraction from hashish
hash oil
68
most common form of cannabis use, typically in cigarettes
smoking
69
inhalation of cannabis vapor
vaping
70
dissolved cannabis oils in food
edibles
71
what does medical marijuana treat
glaucoma, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, analgesic, appetite enhancer
72
smoked THC is easily absorbed by
the lungs
73
oral consumption of THC leads to
prolonged but poor absorption, first pass metabolism
74
cannabinoid effects are primarily mediated by
cannabinoid receptors
75
slide 15
76
psychoactive substance that causes perceptual changes, visual hallucinations, altered awareness of the mind and body, and cognitive distortions
psychedelic drug
77
in peyote cactus, top is cut off and dried, chewed raw or cooked
mescaline
78
alkaloid from several mushroom species, dried and eaten raw or made into tea
psilocybin
79
found in plants indigenous to south america, smoked or snorted, produce a brief high
DMT and bufotenine
80
synthetic and based on fungal alkaloids
LSD
81
drug induced psycholysis
psycholytic therapy
82
patient was given high dose of LSD in hopes of gaining insight into problems
psychedelic therapy
83
appeared in 2010, synthetic compound
NBOMes
84
trip state of intoxication phases
onset, plateau, peak, comedown
85
crossing over of sensations
synesthesia
86
five dimensions of altered states of consciousness
oceanic boundlessness, ego-disintegration anxiety, visionary restructuralization, reduced vigilance, auditory alterations
87
serotonin like drugs
LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT, synthetic tryptamines
88
catecholamine like drugs
mescaline and NBOMes
89
PCP and ketamine are
dissociative anesthetics
90
non competitive antagonists at the ionotropic NMDA receptor (bind to a site within receptor's channel blocking ion flow)
PCP and ketamine
91
remains trapped in the channel even after the agonist (glut) dissociates from binding site and channel closes
drug molecule
92
the NMDA receptor blockade on cortical GABAergic interneurons increases
cortical glutamate release
93
what drugs activate the midbrain dopamine cell firing and stimulate dopamine release in the dorsal striatum, NAcc, PFC
PCP and ketamine
94
increases in drug liking and desire for more drug is
dose dependent
95
other non competitive NMDA receptor antagonist
dextromethorphan (OTC cold medication)
96
biopsychosocial model of addiction
includes full range of pharmacological, biological, and psychological factors that influence addiction risk
97
incentive sensitization theory of addiction
distinction between liking vs wanting a reward
98
negative emotional state evoked by drug withdrawal
hyperkatifeia

Neuro of DA (3 decks)

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