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Anatomy > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

*Hunger/thirst
*Rage
*Body Temp
*Satiety
*Sleep
*Sex Drive

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2
Q

What 2 things give the brain a folded appearance?

A

Sulcus and fissures

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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4
Q

What are the 2 parts of the forebrain?

A

Diencephalon and telenchephalon

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

*Thalamus
*Hypothalamus
*Epithalamus

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6
Q

Glial cells

A

a) Schwann cells (PNS)
b) Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
c) Ependymeal—>CSF—> “shock absorber” for CNS
d) Astrocytes

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7
Q

Astrocytes

A

1) Scavengers of NT
2) Scavengers of ions
3) “Neural glue” holds NS in place

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8
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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9
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

-12 pairs of cranial nerves
-31 pairs of spinal nerves

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10
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

*Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla

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11
Q

Cerebellum

A

little brain
-coordination and intricate movements

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12
Q

Female vs Male Brain

A

The female brain has more synaptic connections, better limbic system (intuition), and a bigger corpus collosum (multitask)

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13
Q

Substantial Nigra

A

black substance
-basal ganglia structure in the midbrain
-appears darker than other neighboring areas due to high levels of neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons

-Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra

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14
Q

Limbic System

A

-evolved a long time ago
-made up amygdala etc.
-interacts with the basal ganglia (ex. you see something v scary)

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15
Q

Amygdala

A

Plays a role in memory, decision making and emotional response (feel like you’re being stared at)

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16
Q

Broca’s area

A

*left brain
*speech formation and execution

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17
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

*speech/language
*comprehension/ interpretation

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18
Q

Occipital lobe

A

-Visual association area

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19
Q

Epidural injection between…?

A

L3 and L4

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20
Q

The Meninges

A

✬Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater*
✬Protects the CNS
✬trauma–> CNS deals with pressure
–> extract CSF

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21
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (function and location)

A

Function: cushions the brain and provides nutrients
location: brain ventricles (fourth ventricle

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22
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

✿Thoracid-lumabr NS
✿ nerves connected
✿strong/fast!>adrenaline
✿Not default
✿ “fight or flight”

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23
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

✿Craniosacral NS
✿ nerves are not connected
✿ not fast>no hormones
✿Default system
✿ “Rest, digest”

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24
Q

Sensory vs Motor

A

Sensory- “afferent” going INTO CNS
motor- “efferent” AWAY from CNS (skeletal muscle)

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25
Q

Uniporter vs Symporter vs Antiporter

A

Uniporter: molecule going in one direction
Symporter: 2 molecules going the same direction
antiporter: 2 molecules going in opposite direction

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26
Q

Reticular activating centers

A

wakefulness (caffeine hits receptors here)

27
Q

Neuron vs Nerve

A

Neuron: 1 cell that has the ability to produce electrical signals called AP

Nerve: 1000s of neurons bundled together

28
Q

Why is it important that we have an emotional response and brain re-writing when experiencing something scary?

A
  • limbic system interacts with the basal ganglia so that we can react
29
Q

what are the major lobes, and areas of the brain that impact speech, vision etc

A

✪Frontal lobe: voluntary movement, decision, speech, smell
✪Parietal lobe: touch + taste
✪Temporal: smell + sound
✪Occipital lobe:
* Blunt force trauma to back of the head= trauma to vision centers
✪Left brain
*broca’s
*wernicke’s

30
Q

Primary Motor Cortex vs Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex

A

*PMC: voluntary movement / conscious movement in a particular way on the way to skeletal muscle
● anterior to PSSC
*PSSC: sensation / sensory information from the body

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Epithalamus: pineal gland ( melatonin)
● satiety(FULL)
● Hunger thirst
● More thirst= adh increase- osmoreceptor( pay attention to blood osmolarity) 300 mlosm./L
● Osmolarity: # of particle/vol of fluid
● If we’re dehydrated then vol of fluid lowers = osmolarity increase = thirst go up
● we want to save water = antidiuretic level up = vol of urine down= color of urine darker

32
Q

Neuro-pharmacology

A

Drug is added into system = prevents action potential of neuron ( V.G. Na+ blocked) = hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential = “tissue is severely” (idk what he means by this but assuming smth related to tissues just damaged) and may not work @ all = pain signals from head to toe are not processed

33
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Roles in most homeostatic involuntary activities ( RR, HR, BP)+ (opiates) =
hyperpolarization

34
Q

-caines”; narcotics/opiates; SSRIs vs SRIs

A

-caine: local anesthetics such as lidocaine
-opiates/narcotic: systemic analgesics = hyperpolarized RMP
● Bind to receptor
-Selective Serotonin Reuptake protein Inhibitor
☞SSRI: *legal= antidepressants, slow, affects brain only
☞SRI: *illegal= not selective ( affects more than brain ), fast
● “Molly” feedback inhibition ? 3,4 MDMA

35
Q

Proprioception and CNVIII

A

in a sensory function, body’s ability to ascertain body movements, direction and position

Proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and ligaments are mechanosensory neurons

CN VIII ( vesitbulocochlear) : has inner ear fluids in semicircular canals of ear that play a role in balance and detection of acceleration and deceleration

36
Q

Cranial nerves

A

✬olfactory nerve I S: smell : chemoreceptors : olfactory bulb / inability to smell

✬optic nerve II S: vision: optic chiasm where nerves cross / blindness on affected side

✬oculomotor nerve III M: eyelid movement / ptosis
● Parasympathetic to sphincter of the pupil and ciliary muscle of the lens

✬trochlear nerve IV M: some of the smallest motor units: superior oblique muscle / 2x vision

✬trigeminal nerve V B: 3 parts / neuralgia (pain in nerve)
● V1(ophthalmic): scalp forehead upper lid etc.
● V2 (maxillary): sensory info from lower eyelid, cheek, nares, upper lip AND upper teeth
● V3 (mandibular): lower lip, lower teeth, and gums, chins and most part of jaw, external
ear, meninges

✬abducens nerve VI M: motor to use eye muscle / 2x vision

✬Facial nerve VII B: sense of taste, tongue, external ear, facial expression / facial palsy

✬Vestibulocochlear VIII B: sense of hearing and balance / nausea loss of hearing + balance

✬Glossopharyngeal IX B: tongue ( taste ) carotid sinus + body salivary gland / difficulty swallowing and taste and decreased salivation
● Parasympathetic increases salivary gland secretion
● Amylase!!: 2 source (pancreas + salivary gland )= starch to glucose

✬Vagus X B: intrinsic laryngeal muscles / difficulty swallowing or hoarseness
● parasympathetic to thoracic + abdominal viscera+ *** SA node of the heart = HR down
● SA node will fire 2x per sec w/o vagal tone

✬Accessory XI M: motor to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius / difficulty elevating the scapula or rotation the neck
** know the 2 muscles ^^^

✬Hypoglossal XII M: under tongue intrinsic vs extrinsic tongue

37
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with vision or double vision

A

❂Oculomotor nerve III
❂Optic nerve II
❂Abducens nerve VI

38
Q

Cataracts

A

lens mineralizes

39
Q

Ptosis

A

eyelids drooping

40
Q

Why the need for such small motor units associated with the eye??

A

we can focus on things quickly

41
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing: mainly V3

42
Q

CN V – branches…..teeth…..dentist……”-caines”…

A

Which nerve are we trying to numb
● Teeth 1-16 on the top / 17-32 on the bottom
● Numb tooth on upper teeth : TRIGEMINAL V2 LOCAL CAINE
● Lower teeth : TRIGEMINAL V3 : TOPICAL CAINE: and lingual nerve

43
Q

CN X

A

CN X : Parasympathetic to the SA node = slow down the HR = post ganglionic neurotransmitter of parasympathetic is ACH = binds to muscarinic ach

44
Q

Graded Potential vs Action Potential

A

graded potential: prior to action potential : added up graded potential= reaching threshold
● 2 EPSP(Na+ & Ca++) excitatory post synaptic potential
● 1 IPSP ( Cl-) inhibitory
● summation= EPSP + IPSP=> threshold

action potential: above to threshold
● Na+in
● K+out

45
Q

Every leak channel, carrier, pump, ligand-gated receptor/channel

A

✦V.G.: Ca++ / slow+fast Na+ /K+
✦Leak: slow Na+ / slow K+ ✦Ligand nicotinic ach receptor
✦Muscarinic receptor
✦Na/K ATPase
✦ATPase Ca++ channel

46
Q

Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic (NT, strength, location)

A

✶Sympathetic✶:
*thoraco-lumbar
*Preganglionic fibers= short / post=long
*NT=ACH (pre)
-Norepinephrine (post)
*Sympathetic chain: trip one off trips all off sympathetic fiber

✶Parasympathetic✶:
*Cranio-cervical: high + low on spinal cord
*Preganglionic fibers= long/ post = short
*NT= ACH(pre)
ACH (post)

47
Q

Myelination…APCV

A

thicker nerve= action potential conduction velocity increase
● NOTHING TO DO WITH LENGTH OF THE AXON

48
Q

Release of NT

A

vesicular docking proteins: has Ca++ binding sites on both side of proteins

● AP comes rolling doesn the axon / depolarization na -> polarization k / AP hits V.G ca++ opens / influx of calcium / 2 ca++ bind to VDP / conformational change of VDP / pushed vesicle forward / exocytose NT into synapse

49
Q

Fate of NT

A

NT binds to post synaptic membrane receptor across synapse
● Prob a ligand gates R/C: ion specific
1. Astrocyte scavenge

  1. enzymatic degradation: acetylcholinesterase
    ● Acetyl+choline
    ● sarin(nerve gas): Competitive inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase
    ● Ach level increase -> skeletal muscle contraction increase ● No respiration + bones break
  2. reuptake proteins
    ● Some of the serotonin is taken back up on the presnapatic side through SRP
    ● Biologically favourable = don’t need to breakdown NT saves time + energy
50
Q

Somatic vs Autonomic (PNS)

A

Somatic-
✺Voluntary
✺ Sensory & Motor

Autonomic
✺Involuntary
✺Sensory & Motor
➠ Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

51
Q

Na+/Glucose Co-transport System…rehydration

A

Na+/Glucose Co-transport System: Sodium trying to come in creating enough -deltaG so that when glucose binds the transport flips allowing glucose in (glucose against gradient )
● Symporter + secondary active transport
**Story: playing a sport or exercising alot -> sweating profusely -> we want to replenish glucose,
na+, and H20 -> YES!
-uni of Florida: Gatorade

52
Q

Every integral protein

A

*channels
*carriers
*pumps
*receptors

53
Q

What is aquaporin?? what does this mean in relation to ADH

A

Aquaporin: water channel
● Decrease in ADH-> excretion-> increase aquaporin action to rehydrate

54
Q

Anterior vs Posterior Pituitary…..names of hormones…..where are they made??? Where are they released?? Functions of certain hormones

A

posterior pituitary:
● Made in hypothalamus
● Released at the level of the posterior pituitary
● ADH vasopressin: urine
● Oxytocin: uterine contraction -> partition

Anterior pituitary
● Made + Released at the level of the anterior pituitary
● FLAT PEG acronym
● FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
● LH: luteinizing hormone up= testosterone up
● ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone= cortisol increase
● TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone = thyroxine(metabolism)
● Prolactin: milk production
● Endorphins: natural pain killer
●Growth Hormone

55
Q

Peptide vs Steroid hormones

A

❊Peptide❊:
*AA
*hydrophilic
*Fast acting (sec to min)
*Bind to cell surface receptor
*Work via a snd messenger (cAMP)
*RER-> Golgi-> vesicle
*Made + released when needed (stored)

❊Steroid (-one/-of)❊:
*Cholesterol
*Hydrophobic
*Slow acting (hours to days)
*Intra cytoplasmic receptor
*Effector transcription (genes on and off)
*SER
*Made + released immediately

56
Q

GH☞IGF1☞functions

A

Growth hormone (upregulates in the liver) -> Insulin like Growth Factor 1
● “GH from the anterior pituitary makes it way down the liver and upregulates IGF1”
◎ stimulated systemic body growth
◎ Growth promoting effects on almost cells of the body especially:
● bone
● Liver
● Kidney
● Nerve
● Skin
● Hematopoietic cells
● Lung
● Dna synthesis

57
Q

Major baroreceptors (locations)

A
  • Aortic arch
  • Carotids
58
Q

GLP-1 (source s) ; GLP-1 agonists….weight loss…..blood sugar (A1C)…satiety….hypothalamus….

A

Glucagon like Peptide 1 agonist = weight loss shots
● Hit receptors in the beta cells from the islets of langerhan cells
● Upregulate insulin = blood sugar goes down
● Associated with hypothalamus= satiety increase =A1C DOWN
● made from Intestinal L- cell
● A1C= measure of blood sugar

GLP 1 source ?= Small intestine 2 parts: duodenum, jejunum ilEum
Saxenda;wegovy;ozempic

59
Q

Hormones associated with blood sugar up and blood sugar down

A
  • Glucagon: BS up, alpha cells
    *Insulin: BS down, from beta cells
60
Q

Hypoglycemia vs Hyperglycemia

A

Hypoglycemia: low BS = need to raise Fix hypoglycemia with these hormones:
❁Epinephrine (adrenaline
❁ Cortisol
❁ Growth hormone
❁ glucagon-> alpha cells from pancreas islets langerhans

Hyperglycemia: high BS = need to lower
Fix Hyperglycemia:
❂ Insulin (b-cells of pancreas)
❂Bind to tyrosine kinase receptor -> upregulate GLUT 4 -> glucose into cells

61
Q

Type I Diabetes vs Type II Diabetes

A

➢Type 1: congenital, elevated blood sugar, not treated= hyperglycemic, insulin not work
➢Type 2: not congenital, 40s 50s, elevated blood sugar; insulin resistance

62
Q

What happens when blood sugar is too high for too long?

A

Crystalize = block vessels and on RBC = untreated= amputate

63
Q

Pre-capillary sphincters…adrenergic tone…blood pressure

A

Adrenergic control: adrenaline=sympathetic=fight or flight
*stress⬆︎=cortisol levels ⬆︎= BP⬆︎

64
Q

Stress…cortisol…adrenergic tone…BP

A

***Stress increase= cortisol level increase = bp out of range = inflammation is down= pain tolerance up= over time= high bp up = wbc down= sick

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