Exam 4 Flashcards
Drugs
1
Q
Heparin
A
Anti-coagulant. Enhances antithrombin activity (1000x) which inhibits Xa and thrombin. Reversed by protamine sulfate.
2
Q
LMW heparin
A
Anti-coagulant, enhances antithrombin and is more specific for factor Xa inactivation.
3
Q
Fondaparinux
A
Anti-coagulant, increases antithrombin. The least efficacious.
4
Q
Protamine sulfate
A
Reversal agent for heparin.
5
Q
Hirudin/ Lepirudin
A
Anti-coagulant. Derived from leeches also can be made recombinantly. Binds to both active and substrate sites on thrombin.
6
Q
Argatroban
A
Direct thrombin inhibitor.
7
Q
Dabigatran
A
Bind to thrombin active sites.
8
Q
Warfarin
A
Direct thrombin inhibitor. Prevents synthesis of factors 2, 7, 9 ,10 via tampering with redox metabolism of vitamin K. Reversed by vitamin K, factor 9, FFP
9
Q
Rivaorxaban
A
Factor Xa inhibitor.
10
Q
Apixaban
A
Factor Xa inhibitor.
11
Q
tPA
A
Fibrinolytic. Rapidly lyses thrombi. Treatment for ischemic strokes.
12
Q
Streptokinase
A
Fibrinolytic
13
Q
Urokinase
A
Fibrinolytic
14
Q
Aspirin
A
COX inhibitor. Acetylation of Serine 529 residue irreversibly modifies COX1 enzyme from binding with arachidonic acid to form prostaglandins and TXA2. Less platelet aggregation and has some anti-inflammatory effects. High incidence of GI ulcers.
15
Q
Clopidogrel
A
ADP inhibitor. Anti-platelet aggregation.
16
Q
Abiciximab
A
Mab anti-platelet aggregation.
17
Q
vitamin K
A
For warfarin overdose. Helps replenish factors.
18
Q
Fresh frozen plasma
A
To replenish factors. For hemophilia.
19
Q
Aminocaproic acid
A
Fibrinolytic inhibitor. Targets plasminogen pathway. Clot stabilizer. Used post-operatively.
20
Q
Tranexamic acid
A
Anti-fibrinolytic used for massive hemorrhage/ trauma to help stop bleeding.
21
Q
Lispro and Aspart
A
Rapid acting insulin
22
Q
Humulin
A
Short acting insulin
23
Q
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn
A
intermediate acting insulin
24
Q
Glargine and Detemir
A
Long acting insulin
25
Metformin
Biguanides. Inhibits gluconeogenesis.
26
Sulfonylureas
Insulin secretagogue. Blocks the K+ channel in the beta cells causing insulin release. Black box warnings for increased cardiovascular events.
27
Thiazolidinediones (TZD's)
Decreases insulin resistance by increasing insulin signal transduction.
28
Acarbose
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Blocks digestion of complex carbs.
29
Bile acid binding resin
Sticks to cholesterol and glucose in bile acids and excretes them.
30
Amylin
Made by beta cells, suppresses glucagon release from the alpha cells
31
Semaglutide
GLP-1 agonist, which increases insulin release and decreases glucagon release.
32
Statin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. Side effects: muscle pain.
33
Gliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor. Prevents glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
34
Sitagliptin
(Januvia) combination therapy in NIDDM. DPP4 inhibitor (DPP4 inhibits GLP-1).
35
Niacin
Inhibits VLDL from leaving the hepatocytes. Side effects: flushing, itching, dry skin.
36
Gemfibrozil
A fibrate. Increases lipolysis in the liver. Decreases VLDL and LDL a little.
37
Ezetimibe
Blocks uptake of dietary cholesterol.
38
Evolocomab
PCSK9 inhibitor. Allows more receptors to get recycled to pull more LDL out of the blood. Very effective when used with a statin.
39
Celecoxib
COX2 selective inhibitor, no effect on constitutive COX1
40
Meloxicam
COX2 selective inhibitor. Less effective than celebrex.
41
Diclofenac
COX and LOX inhibitor. Can be given topically for arthritic pain.
42
Ibuprofen
NSAID. Used for pain and to decrease inflammatory response. COX1 and COX2 inhibition. Causes less GI upset than aspirin.
43
Indomethacin
COX and LOX inhibitor. Used for arthritis, gout, and patent ductus arteriosus.
44
Ketorolac
Toradol. COX inhibitor. Used for severe pain in sports medicine. Helps decrease need for opioids.
45
Acetaminophen
COX2 inhibition in the CNS. Can be used for headache (vasoconstriction in the brain) and fever (peripheral vasodilation).
46
Glucocorticoids
Suppress inflammation. Increase Annexin 1, SLP-1, IL-10 and decrease NFkB.
47
Morphine
Phenanthrene opioid strong agonist
48
Dilaudid
Phenanthrene opioid strong agonist
49
Codeine
phenanthrene opioid moderate agonists
50
Oxycodone
moderate agonist phenanthrene opioid
51
Percocet
Moderate opioid agonist. Combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone.
52
Methadone
Phenylheptylamine opioid strong agonist
53
Fentanyl
Strong agonist phenylpiperadine opioid
54
Meperidine
Phenylpiperadine opioid strong agonist
55
Tramadol
Phenylpiperadine opioid moderate agonist
56
Buprenorphine
Partial opioid agonist used for opioid abuse
57
Butorphanol
Partial opioid agonist used for post-op shivering
58
Dextromethorphan
Partial opioid agonist. An antitussive
59
Naloxone
Opioid antagonist. Used for opioid toxicity reversal.
60
Naltrexone
Opioid antagonist used for alcohol withdrawal
61
Naloxegol
Opioid antagonist used to increase GI motility when taking opioids.
62
Penecillin
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by inserting beta lactam ring into enzyme responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria. Allergies are common.
63
Ampicillin
Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.
64
Amoxicillin
Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.
65
Cephalosporin
Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. More useful for gram + bacteria.
66
Vancomycin
Antibiotic that targets cell wall synthesis. Resistant to beta lactamase. Drug of "last resort." Lots of toxicity reactions.
67
Polymixin
Antibiotics that disrupt cell membrane by attaching to phospholipids and acting as detergents. Especially effective for gram - bacteria.
68
Daptomycin
Antibiotics that disrupt cell membrane by attaching to phospholipids and acting as detergents. Especially effective for gram - bacteria.
69
Tetracycline
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Bacteriostatic. Most broad spectrum. Can cause severe GI disorders.
70
Erythromycin
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum.
71
Azithromycin
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum.
72
Neomycin
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolide. Broad spectrum. Topical.
73
Rifamycin
Antibiotic that targets DNA/RNA synthesis by binding to bacteria RNA polymerase and inhibiting mRNA synthesis.
74
Ciprofloxacin
Antibiotic that targets nucleic acid synthesis. Fluoroquinolone. Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase. Useful for UTIs and bone infections. Excellent gram - activity.
75
Sulfonamide
Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis by competitively inhibiting PABA.
76
Trimethoprim
Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis by competitively inhibiting PABA.
77
Ketoconazole
Antifungal.
78
Lamisil
Antifungal.
79
Hydroxychloroquine
Antiprotozoal treatment for malaria.
80
Metronidazole
Antiprotozoal treatment for giardia and trichomonas. Side effect: black "hairy" tongue.
81
Niclosamide
Treatment for parasitic worms (tapeworms)
82
Acyclovir
Antiviral that inhibits viral DNA polymerases and therefore viral DNA synthesis. Used to treat HSV and Varicella.
83
Azidothymidine (AZT)
anti-retroviral used to treat HIV. Part of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy "HAART"
84
Lamivudine
anti-retroviral used to treat HIV. Part of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy "HAART"
85
Interferon
Produced by the body to signal for cell suicide. Can also be made recombinantly as an antiviral. Activate MHC-1 receptors to signal for CD8+ "T-killer" cells.
86
Tamiflu
For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. PO.
87
Relenza
For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. Inhaled powder.
88
Xofluza
For the flu can decrease flu symptoms by a day. Not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women.
89
Paxlovid
PO treatment for COVID. Approved for emergency use only.
90
Remdesivir
Treatment for COVID (IV therapy).
91
Dexamethasone
Useful treatment for COVID by targeting inflammatory response and suppressing cytokine release.
92
Carbidopa
Given in conjunction with Levodopa. Inhibits COMT and dopa decarboxylase which increases the amount of L-dopa, so more can cross BBB (up to 10%).
93
Levodopa
Given to increase dopamine. Only about 3% of L-dopa can cross BBB, but can be useful for treatment of PD.
94
Primavanserin
(Nuplazid) antipsychotic that is an inverse agonist for the serotonin receptors in the visual cortex. Used to treat delusions and hallucinations associated with levodopa/carbidopa use.
95
Pramipexole
Dopamine receptor agonist. Binds receptor freeing up more dopamine.
96
Selegiline
MAO-B inhibitor used to increase dopamine. Beneficial for movement disorders like Parkinson's.
97
Tolcapone
COMT inhibitor to decrease degradation of dopamine. Beneficial for movement disorder's like PD.
98
Apomorphine
A morphine derivative. Dopamine agonist.
99
Baclofen
Muscle relaxant can be used for symptom management with cerebral palsy
100
Tetrabenazine
Depletes dopamine. Used to treat Huntington's symptoms which are the result of decreased GABA inhibition.
101
Haloperidol
Dopamine receptor blocker. Treatment adjunct for Huntington's disease.
102
Riluzole
Na+ channel blocker used for ALS treatment (progressive loss of motorneurons)
103
Tacrine
AChesterase inhibitor. A palliative drug for Alzheimer's disease.
104
Memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist. A palliative drug for Alzheimer's disease.
105
Echinacea
Used for immunity support. Increases WBC and cytokines. Can decrease cold symptoms by about a day.
106
Garlic
inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. Can reduce cholesterol. Can also have some anti-platelet effects.
107
Gingko biloba
Can increase scavenging of free radicals, and increase blood flow. Claims to help reduce incidence of dementia, good for memory.
108
St. John's Wort
For mild depression. CPY450 inducer.
109
Ginseng
For memory, and immune system.
110
Milk Thistle
For hepatotoxicity.
111
Saw Palmetto
For BPH.
112
Kava kava
Anti-toxicity.
113
Kombucha
For blood pressure control, anti-cancer and good gut health.
114
Aloe
Laxative and burn ointment
115
Black cohosh
For menstrual discomfort.
116
Cyclophosphamide
Alkylating agent. Works by alkylating DNA or interdigitates itself in between DNA stands. Nitrogen mustards. Good for neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions for immunosuppression.
117
Chlorambucil
Alkylating agent. Nitrogen mustard. Drug of choice for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Well-tolerated.
118
Nitrosoureas
Alkylating agents. Very lipid soluble and can cross BBB. Used for meningeal tumors.
119
Cisplatin
Platinum analog. Intercalating agent to prevent replication of DNA and inhibits cell proliferation. Does not cross BBB.
120
Methotrexate
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase. Interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis. Cytotoxic and immunosuppressive. Do NOT take if pregnant!
121
Antimetabolites
Anti-cancer drugs that include: folate antagonists, purine and pyrimidine antagonists.
122
Vincristine
Vinca alkaloid derived from the periwinkle plant. Anti-cancer plant-based drug. Prevents mitotic spindle from forming cannot form new daughter cells.
123
Paclitaxel (Taxol)
Plant-based anti-cancer drug that stabilizes the mitotic spindle preventing split of two new daughter cells.
124
Dactinomycin
Intercalating agent. Antitumor antibiotic.
125
Doxorubicin
Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.
126
Bleomycin
Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.
127
Corticosteroids
Interfere with hormonal signaling. Can be useful anti-cancer drugs. Especially for leukemias and lymphomas.
128
Tamoxifen
Antitumor antibiotic. Intercalating agent.
129
Fulvestrant
Anti-cancer drugs. Interfere with hormone signaling. Estrogen receptor down regulator.
130
Tamoxifen
Anti-cancer drugs. Interfere with hormone signaling. Estrogen receptor modulator.
