Exam 4 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
The world population began growing rapidly during the Middle Ages.
A
False
2
Q
One of the ________ effective ways to stabilize populations is to ________.
A
most; decrease child mortality
3
Q
Why is Russia’s population declining?
A
Fertility rates are below replacement levels.
4
Q
The replacement fertility rate is slightly over two children per couple because
A
some children die and some couples do not have children.
5
Q
Human population growth most closely resembles
A
J-shaped growth curve.
6
Q
“Birth dearths” can be a problem because they cause
A
All of these are correct
7
Q
The world’s population increases by about ________ people per year.
A
80 million
8
Q
Which of the following factors does not usually affect the crude death rates of a population?
A
All of these affect crude death rates
9
Q
Breast-feeding children for long periods
A
limits fertility when caloric intake is low and can be a successful population control strategy.
10
Q
Technological optimists argue that technological advances have
A
proved Malthus wrong in his predictions of famine and disaster.
11
Q
Women who ________ are LEAST likely to have many children.
A
are able to earn an income for themselves
12
Q
The main cause of world population growth in the past 300 years has been
A
falling mortality due to longer life expectancy.
13
Q
A dependency ratio is a comparison between the numbers of
A
working and nonworking people.
14
Q
The economist Karl Marx believed that
A
human population growth is a consequence of poverty and other social ills.
15
Q
Malthus argued that ________ is the ultimate cause of social and environmental problems, and Marx argued that population growth ________ social and environmental problems.
A
excess population growth; results from
16
Q
Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to decreased life expectancy?
A
improved sanitation
17
Q
A demographic transition is expected to accompany
A
economic development and stabilization.
18
Q
The greatest future growth in human numbers is expected to occur in the
A
developing nations.
19
Q
Predict the shape of an age-structure diagram for a country with a shrinking population size.
A
It will be wider at the top than the bottom.
20
Q
Malthus and Marx
A
disagreed about the root causes of overpopulation, poverty, and social upheaval.
21
Q
Increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide resulting from human activities appear to be producing climatic warming.
A
True
22
Q
Of the 20 hottest years ever recorded, ________ of them occurred since 1980.
A
19
23
Q
Which developed nation has not signed the Kyoto Protocol?
A
USA
24
Q
Carbon capture
A
All of these are true.
25
Which of the following is NOT an important greenhouse gas?
sulfur dioxide
26
Which of the following is incorrect regarding Greenland’s ice mass?
Greenland gains back more ice in the winter to balance loss in the summer.
27
Models of climate change are most in agreement with observed data ________.
when both natural and anthropogenic causes of warming are included.
28
Why does the Keeling curve show a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the summer before rising again in the winter?
Photosynthesis in the Northern Hemisphere uses carbon dioxide.
29
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is
a United Nations working group of 2500 scientists around the world.
30
The idea of breaking down the solution to the larger problem of climate change into smaller more manageable pieces or goals is known as
wedge analysis.
31
A large factory that holds permits for a certain level of emissions has found a technology that cuts their carbon emissions by a third. They can then sell their permit to someone else and potentially profit from the sale. This is called
emissions trading.
32
Which of the following is NOT a consequence that we are seeing now?
All of these statements are true.
33
The Keeling graph, although it has yearly oscillations, shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere ________.
is steadily rising.
34
The most recent major international study of anthropogenic influence on global climate concluded
a human influence on global climate is discernable.
35
The most effective and practical way of reducing CO2 emissions is to ________.
make many small changes over all of the human population that act like 'wedges' reducing emissions
36
Which of the following is NOT considered a carbon capture or negative emissions technology?
switching to alternative energy that produces fewer emissions
37
Most of the excessive carbon dioxide that is expected to cause global warming is generated by green plants.
False
38
Because of global warming, sea levels are expected to rise ________ by 2100.
3-6 feet.
39
Carbon dioxide is a major factor in the global warming story since it
absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits.
40
Glacier National Park has lost ________ glaciers since 1910 when the park was created.
over 120
41
A group of interested citizens joins a walk along a local urban stream. After walking along the stream, they realize that local streams provide significant services including stormwater management and decide that it is important to take them into account when making local infrastructure decisions. This is an example of which outcome of environmental education?
The valuing context
42
A vegetarian diet has a lower climate change impact than a beef-based diet.
True
43
The "group of 10" environmental organizations are most useful in
having strong, respected, and organized influence on national environmental policy setting.
44
Environmental literacy calls for each citizen to be fluent in the principles of ecology.
True
45
The terms nontoxic, biodegradable, recyclable, natural organic, and environmentally friendly are used
by advertising to sell products.
46
Ways to reduce your impact include
avoiding disposable items.
47
Which of the following events is probably the most significant in increasing the job market for environmentally related careers?
The shift of businesses to decrease their environmental impact.
48
Careers focused on protecting the environment are available for students majoring in business, education, engineering, liberal arts, and science.
True
49
Environmental groups for secondary and postsecondary (college) students help participants
come together to multiply the efforts of people with the same goals and ideals, and also help them develop their organizational skills.
50
Affluenza is a term coined by some social critics for the current drive to possess more and more stuff.
True
51
The best way for us to be more efficient and to decrease our impact on natural resources is to
consume less energy and materials in the first place.
52
Your professor invites you to calculate your Ecological Footprint. You realize that the transportation aspect of your footprint is very high and decide to walk or ride a bike or bus to school at least two days per week. This change in behavior is categorized in which outcome for environmental education?
The action context
53
Mainline environmental organizations have been criticized for being too quick to compromise.
True
54
Thoreau writes in Walden, “Our life is frittered away by detail….simplify, simplify.” This would be in opposition to
conspicuous consumerism
55
A label of "biodegradable" ensures that a product will naturally break down in the environment within a few years.
False
56
While on a field trip to a local stream, students learn that the pipes leading to the stream from a local parking lot carry stormwater runoff to the stream, but that it is considered nonpoint source pollution. Because of this, there are few regulations on what material can enter the stream from the parking lot runoff. This is an example of which outcome of environmental education?
The social context
57
Conspicuous consumption is a term that was coined
a century ago to refer to the concept of purchasing things to impress others.
58
In which of the following situations would it probably be less environmentally damaging for you to use paper bags at the grocery store?
When paper bags are reused at the grocery store.
59
On a national level, environmental job opportunities are
expanding.
60
Public opinion polls show that most people are willing to make personal sacrifices to protect the environment.
True
61
Because prairie dogs have a major effect on the ecological functioning of their habitat and the health of other members of their community, they are considered to be
keystone species
62
One of the reasons humans rely heavily on only a few food crops is because
we have not explored the cultivation of thousands of edible wild species.
63
A scientist uncovered that the gene pool within a population of animals is much smaller after a near-extinction event. This scientist is studying
genetic diversity
64
Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably
invertebrates
65
Carp species were introduced to the United States
to control aquatic vegetation and algae.
66
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of biodiversity for humans?
reducing air pollution
67
The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is
habitat destruction worldwide.
68
Soil formation and water purification are examples of ________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans.
ecological services
69
The most important extinction threats for most species are anthropogenic environmental pollutants and over-harvesting via hunting and fishing.
False
70
Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?
a little more than 1.7 million
71
Humans have domesticated nearly all the plant species that could contribute to human food production.
False
72
Invasive species
flourish in a new environment due to a lack of predators, diseases, or resource limitations.
73
Which of the following would be a characteristic of an exotic plant species?
is an opportunist that is desired by humans for food or ornamental value.
74
Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of
niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community.
75
Where will you find the greatest concentration of different species?
The tropics
76
When Aldo Leopold said, "The first rule to intelligent tinkering is to save all the pieces." In terms of biodiversity he meant that we should
not cause species to disappear.
77
Introduced disease-causing organisms are especially dangerous to new environments because they can destroy the non-native host. This happens because the disease-causing organisms
have not evolved with this host to achieve the normal balance for long-term survival.
78
Ecological diversity
refers to the richness and complexity of a biological community.
79
"Exotic" is another word for
foreign
80
Increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide resulting from human activities appear to be producing climatic warming.
True
81
Since biodiversity is usually higher in warmer, milder climates, biodiversity will probably be increased with global warming.
False
82
Organisms are currently responding to climate change by extending their range into new territories.
True
83
A large factory that holds permits for a certain level of emissions has found a technology that cuts their carbon emissions by a third. They can then sell their permit to someone else and potentially profit from the sale. This is called
emissions trading
84
Which of the following was agreed upon at the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement?
a target that the global average temperature will not increase more than 1.5°C
85
Current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is ________ according to the Keeling graph.
over 440ppm
86
The main activity of the IPCC is to ________.
make general assessments of all climate change research at regular intervals of time
87
The Keeling graph, although it has yearly oscillations, shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere ________.
is steadily rising
88
The doubling time for a population with an annual percentage growth rate of 7% is
10 years
89
A population growing at 1% per year should double in about ________ years.
70
90
Historically, up until the Middle Ages, populations were mostly limited by
disease and poor nutrition.
91
In general, countries with the highest fertility rates are those
among the poorest on earth.
92
The I = PAT formula says that our environmental impacts (I) are the product of
the population size times affluence and the technology used to produce goods and services consumed.
93
Pronatalist pressures are influences that lead people to
have more children.
94
Birth rate would tend to decrease with a decrease in
infant mortality rate.
95
The demographic transition refers to a country's change from
high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
96
The demographic transition generally accompanies economic development.
True
97
There is some evidence that population growth today is ________ rather than ________.
slowing slightly; continuing to accelerate
98
Replacement fertility occurs when
birth rate plus immigration is equal to the death rate plus emigration.
99
The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to
the belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines.
100
Habitat fragmentation usually leads to a(n)
decrease in biodiversity.
101
Which of the following statements about trade in endangered species is FALSE?
Coral reefs are not affected by the endangered species trade.
102
An important drug for treating Hodgkin's disease was discovered in a periwinkle native to ________ and is valued at approximately ________ per year.
Madagascar; $150–300 million
103
It is clear that a heavy dose of pesticides or other toxic pollutants can kill species. However, chronic exposure to pollutants seems to cause recent high mortality in marine mammals by
causing weakened immune systems and increased vulnerability to infection.
104
The main reason for continued trade in endangered species is
pet lovers and collectors who like exotic species.
105
Your friend is a scientist studying a small endangered fish that plays a critical role in the stream ecosystem. She says to you, “If this fish was pretty, well-known, or a national symbol we might actually get people to care about it.” Your friend means that this fish is not a/an
flagship species
106
Which of the following drugs is NOT derived from a naturally occurring organism?
aspirin
107
Kudzu vine was originally brought to the United States to control soil erosion.
True
108
We are usually referring to species diversity when we talk about biodiversity. However, genetic diversity is also important to ecological systems because diverse genes
are necessary for a population to evolve in a changing environment.
109
Barred owls have become a threat to spotted owls because they
are more versatile in terms of habitat and diet.
110
What do Eurasian milfoil, kudzu vine and the emerald ash borer have in common?
They are exotic species wreaking havoc in the ecosystems into which they have been introduced.
111
A wide diversity of living things provide a range of intrinsic benefits to humans.
True
112
What do bacteria, fox glove, Mexican yam, and the rauwolfia plant have in common?
They all are wild species providing us with important medicines.
113
Invasive (exotic) species tend to _______ the balance of ecosystems and ________ biodiversity.
upset; decrease
114
Species at imminent risk of extinction are classified as ________ species.
endangered
115
The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because
undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs.
116
The values of respect for all life, ecosystem protection and restoration, human rights, equitable sharing of resources, and democratic decision-making are all components of the
2000 Millennium Assessment
117
Life cycle analysis is useful because energy and environmental hazards are associated with ________ of products.
production, transport, use, and disposal
118
Which of the following would use the most energy and natural resources?
Buying a new car every five years to ensure high fuel efficiency.
119
The USA National Phenology Network has a program where people can sign up to provide observations from local plants to a large database. For example, you could register your yard and provide the dates when the flowers bloomed on your trees. This is an example of
citizen science.
120
Which of the following would not be a component of the life cycle analysis of a strawberry?
The taste of the strawberry.
121
Which of the following is NOT an essential component of sustainable development?
A marked decrease in military spending.
122
Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of the 1990 National Environmental Education Act?
Education to make sure that there are specialists who are able to make appropriate decisions regarding environmental issues and who will guide us into the 21st century.
123
Making intelligent environmental decisions as a consumer
requires attention and is important in determining future actions by companies.
124
Lifecycle analyses
evaluate material and energy inputs and outputs at each stage of manufacture, use, and disposal of a product.
125
Why would the "group of 10" environmental organizations be criticized?
They tend to compromise and cooperate with the establishment.
126
One of the essential factors in a sustainable future based on improving human well-being and protecting our common environment is
All of the choices are correct.
127
Which of the following is a true statement?
Buying fewer things is an important means of protecting the environment.
128
If a national leader, in her speech to the nation, is talking about meeting the needs of our present populations without risking the ability of future generations to meet their needs, she is describing
sustainable development.
129
HIPPO
Habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, human population, and overharvesting
