Exam 4 Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Excavates- feeding grove
A
Euglenozoa
Parabasalids
Diplomonads
2
Q
Euglenozoans
A
- Mitochondria inner membrane folds into discs, have mitochondria and chloroplasts
- Mixotrophic
- Some become parasites (sleeping sickness)
3
Q
Parabasalids
A
- Anaerobic: lives inside hosts
- Flagella
- Sometimes parasites, sometimes beneficial (can break down cellulose)
- Parasitic STD
4
Q
Diplomonads
A
- 2 Nuclei, heart shaped
- Multiple flagella
Ex. Giardia, deadliest condition (diarrhea) common in low water quality
5
Q
Stramenoplies - diverse group, aquatic ecosystems, hair like flagella
A
water molds
diatoms
brown algae
6
Q
Water Molds
A
- water ecosystems
- many form tufts “mold like”
- many decomposers, not fungi or mold
- many crop pests: degradation in corn and potato
7
Q
Diatoms
A
- photosynthesize
- Silica (glass)
- phytoplankton
They build their house out of glass
*species specific to habitat
8
Q
Brown Algae
A
- photosynthesize, live in low light conditions
- multicellular aggregations
- seaweeds, not really weeds (kelp)
No Roots or shoots or embryo
9
Q
Alveolates - diverse group, membrane sacs called alveoli
A
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans
ciliates
10
Q
Dinoflagellates
A
- whip-like flagella, dual
- some photosynthesize
- produce/release toxins when they die (RED TIDES)
Kill sea creatures
Live in shallow parts of ocean
11
Q
Apicomplexans
A
-parasites
-infectious spores
-adults = no locomotion
Most important human parasite - PLASMODIUM MALARIA
- release larvae in body
12
Q
Ciliates
A
- unicellular
- have cilia, help move through water
ex. Paramecium, very complex, respond to light & bacteria in area
13
Q
Rhizarians - thin pseudopods, FALSE FOOT
A
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
14
Q
Rhizarians
A
Hole-ey animals
-calcium carbonate shells
-limestone deposits
live in shells made out of calcium carbonate: limestone
- extend pseudopods to get food
15
Q
Radiolarians
A
- Silica shells
NO DIATOMs
Radius - circle shape, pseudopod extending
16
Q
Green Algae
A
- photosynthesize
- multicellular and unicellular
- share common ancestor with plants
- colonial or unicellular
common ancestor w land plants
ex. volvox
17
Q
Red algae
A
- photosynthesize
- multicellular seaweeds
- lots of colors
- live in deep ocean water in low light areas
Lavar: edible seaweed
Nori: seaweed
18
Q
Ameobozoans - pseudopods to move and eat, usually no shells
A
Ameobas
Slime molds
19
Q
Amoebas
A
-many are predators
-some are parasites
-abundant, hard to kill, they absorb to prey
-no firm structure
Ex. amoebic dysentery (excessive diarrhea, dehydration)
Ex. brain eating amoeba: fresh water through sinuses goes to brain
20
Q
Slime Molds
A
- two life cycle stages:
1. feeding (mobile)
2. reproduction (stationary)
Two groups:
plasmodial (living together group) and cellular
21
Q
Plasmodial
A
- one cytoplasm mass, can be large
- thousands of nuclei
breakdown organic matter, can move in fan shapes, or stationary
22
Q
Cell shape of bacteria and archea
A
spherical - less than twice as long as wide
rod - 2-3 times longer than wide
spiral - helix, long
23
Q
prokaryote anatomy
A
fimbriae: proteins outside, interact w environment, sticky
nucleoide: long circles of DNA, not inside nucleus
plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer
cell wall: peptidoglycan, differentiates from other groups
capsule: shield bacteria
flagella: like motor, helps push/pull bacteria or helps feed bacteria
24
Q
types if cell wall
A
gram-positive: cell wall outside, plasma membrane inside (purple)
gram-negative: plasma membrane, cell wall, plasma membrane (pink)
25
capsule of bacteria function
adherence
26
endospore in bacteria function
survive harsh conditions, surrounding genetic material and only forms in special conditions
27
projections in bacteria
flagella - mobility
fimbriae - adherence, long threads stick to other things
pili - conjugation, form of DNA transfer (bacteria sex)
28
Internal organization of DNA
specialized membranes: aerobic- layers of membrane (mitochondria - respiration) thylakoid- layers of membrane (chloroplast) to absorb sunlight
Nucleoid: circular chromosome, where most DNA is set (bulk)
Plasmids: circular DNA outside chromosome, accessory DNA that allows DNA to do certain things based on plasmids, be reproduced & pass through other bacteria
29
Reproduction of bacteria - Binary fission
duplicate genes and splits body in half - two daughter cells created with similar genes
30
Genetic diversity in Populations
1. Rapid high reproduction, rare mutations - providing novel or change existing genes
2. Genetic recombination - transformation (foreign DNA taken up from outside of the body)
transduction (DNA transferred by phages, RNA and DNA from viruses)
conjugation (transfer of genes between bacteria, transfer of plasmids, and R plasmids that are resistant to antibiotics)
31
Oxygen requirements of bacteria
aerobic: require oxygen, ex. strep
anaerobic: no oxygen, ex. lakes and rivers, clostridium
opprotunists: either conditions, e. coli
32
4 strategies of nutrition
Autotroph: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph
Heterotroph: photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph
33
Autotroph nutrition (energy source)
photoautotroph - light and carbon as energy source ex. photosynthetic prokaryotes, algae
chemoautotroph - using inorganic energy (NH3) ex. certain prokaryotes
34
Heterotroph nutrition (energy source)
photoheterotroph - getting carbon from living organisms, less common ex. certain aquatic prokaryotes
chemoheterotroph - getting organic compounds as energy, humans and plants, more common
35
archaea and bacteria that are extreme halophiles
salt-loving
36
archaea and bacteria that are extreme thermophiles
heat-loving or cold loving
37
Ecosystem/Human services of bacteria and archaea
Bioremediation - ex. oil spills, bacteria breaks down oil
Nitrogen-fixation
Digestion (microbiota)
38
biofilms
bacteria that live on substrates (plaque and saliva)
39
diseases and botox of bacteria
toxins
staphylococcus aureus, many benefit, some danger us
botox - most dangerous toxin (clostridium botulinum)
40
Protists
- simply eukaryotes
- between bacteria & an animal/plant
- we rely on them fro certain things
- can be the smallest or largest organisms
- food & energy sources
- can be beneficial or dangerous
41
Features of protists
- usually uni-cellular
- can form aggregations - colonials
- some multicellular
42
Modes of nutrition for Protists
1. Heterotrophs - protozoans
2. Mixotrophs - can use light as energy and at night can eat other organisms
3. Autotrophs - algae
43
Modes of reproduction/genetic exchange in Protists
1. Asexual (most) - most can exchange genetic material
2. Sexual (many capable, rare occurrence) rate, doesn't look like sexual reproduction
3. Non-reproductive, genetic exchange
44
Diversity leads to variety of interactions
- parasitism (pathogens) harming another organism for energy or shelter
- mutualism: algae, coral's photosynthesis done by algae
- predator-prey (food-web), some eat algae, then eaten by another
ex. coral reefs= coral(animal) and algae (protist)
45
Know cellular slime mold life cycle
46
Defining features of plants
- multicellular, dependent embryos. complex life cycle, they make their own energy
- alternation of generations life cycle
47
Plant growth
apical meristem of root (growth down)
apical meristem of shoot (growth up)
48
importance of plants: ecological role of plants
- Primary producers: photosynthesis & energy
- Atmospheric oxygen: generate oxygen
- Habitat: animals live there, shelter
- Water balance: roots extract water, leaves exert water
- Soil quality=nutrients
- Erosion/flooding control: prevents erosion, keeping ground in place
49
importance of plants: anthropocentric view
Human view
- food, shelter, fuel, medicine, joy
50
Two major plant groups
bryophytes and tracheophytes
51
Byrophytes
NON vascular plants
- no roots=no way to transport water
- live in moist environments, rely on diffusion
- small in size
DOMINANT STAGE - Haploid
- ex. MOSSES, liverworts, hornworts
52
Know moss life cycle
DOMINANT HAPLOID STAGE
53
Tracheophytes
Vascular plants - plants with tubes for support and transport
- some seedless, some seed bearing
- moist or dry habitats
- DIPLOID SPOROPHYTE STAGE DOMINANT
ex. ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperm
54
Know fern life cycle
water flows over plant, sperm goes to egg
55
Seedless Vascular Plants
- swimming sperm = require water
- produce spores
- do not produce seeds, only spores
spore: single cell, fragile, many
ex. ferns, horsetails
56
Homosporous spore production (most seedless vascular plants)
one spore produces both eggs and sperm
57
sporangium of sporophyll
produces single type of spore, produces a bisexual gametophyte that produces eggs and sperm
58
heterosporous spore production (all seed plants)
megasporangium on megasporophyll -> megaspore -> female gametophyte -> eggs
microsporangium on megasporophyll -> microspore -> male gametophyte -> sperm
59
Mosses and other nonvascular plants
gametophyte dominant
60
ferns and other seedless vascular plants
sporophyte dominant
61
seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
sporophyte dominant
62
Seed-bearing vascular plant features
- produce pollen, carries sperm to egg
- produce seeds - embryo packaged with food in protective covering
- reduced gametophytes and heterospory (has mega and micro spore)
- ex. gymnosperms (pine trees) and angiosperms (flowering plants)
63
gymnosperms include
tallest, heaviest and oldest trees
64
know gymnosperm life cycle
65
know angiosperm diagram and life cycle
66
angiosperm groups
monocot: one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scatters (soft), fibrous root system, simple pollen, flowers in multiples of three
dicot: two cotyledons, veins netlike, vascular tissue in ring (woody), main taproot long, complex pollen, 4-5 multiples flowers
67
fungi key features
- heterotrophs
parasitic, mutualists, or decomposers
secretions digest food outside cells
- mostly multicellular
- chitin cell walls
- exclusively haploid
68
fungi structure
haploid cell -> hyphae -> mycelium -> reproductive structure (fruiting body)
hyphae: long threads, individual cells
mycelium: netting of hyphae, network
69
fungi reproduction
- capable of asexual and sexual reproduction
- release spores
70
know fungi life cycle
71
zygomycota
zygosporangium
72
glomeromycota
glomeraspores
73
ascomycota
ascospores
74
basidiomycota
basidiaspores
mushroom looking fungi
75
lichens
symbiotic mutualisms
- fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria
- lichen form touch shell w/ mycelium
- collect light, photosynthesis, sharing energy
76
Ecological role of fungi
*mutualists
- lichens -> green algae or cyanobacteria
- plants -> mycorrhizae
- animals -> leaf-cutting ants
*decomposers
- most is done by bacteria or fungi, break down matter to bring nutrients back to ecosystem
*parasites
- plant and animal pathogens, ex. corn smut
77
fun fungi
antibiotics - penicillin
food
- direct consumption, mushrooms or blue cheese
- indirect use, yeast or beer
