Exam 4

Question 1

What is the primary function of the digestive system?

Answer 1

To process food through ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 2

What structures are included in the alimentary canal?

Answer 2

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 3

What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?

Answer 3

Tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Question 4

Define chemical digestion.

Answer 4

Enzymatic hydrolysis of food

Question 5

What is the process of absorption in the digestive system?

Answer 5

Nutrient molecules enter body cells

Question 6

What is the role of mechanical digestion?

Answer 6

Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces

Question 7

What are the main components of the oral cavity?

Answer 7

Vestibule and oral cavity proper

Question 8

What types of epithelium compose the oral mucosa?

Answer 8

Keratinized, nonkeratinized, parakeratinized

Question 9

What is the function of the tongue’s extrinsic muscles?

Answer 9

Move the tongue in and out and side to side

Question 10

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

Answer 10

Alter the shape of the tongue

Question 11

What are the components of saliva?

Answer 11

Mucus, enzymes, antibodies, inorganic ions

Question 12

How much saliva is produced per day?

Answer 12

800-1500 ml

Question 13

Name the types of salivary glands.

Answer 13

• Parotid (serous) * Submandibular (mixed) * Sublingual (mixed)

Question 14

What are the types of salivary ducts?

Answer 14

• Intercalated * Striated * Excretory

Question 15

What is the periodontal ligament?

Answer 15

Dense, irregular, collagenous connective tissue in the tooth socket

Question 16

What structures are found in a tooth socket?

Answer 16

Cementum and bony alveolus

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The tongue’s dorsal surface has _______ muscle fibers.

Answer 17

[extrinsic and intrinsic]

Question 18

True or False: The oral mucosa includes specialized mucosa for taste perception.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the accessory organs associated with the alimentary canal?

Answer 19

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

These organs play crucial roles in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Question 20

What are the components of saliva?

Answer 20

Mucus, enzymes, antibodies, inorganic ions

Saliva is produced in significant quantities, approximately 800-1500 ml per day.

Question 21

What types of salivary glands are there?

Answer 21

• Parotid - serous
• Submandibular - mixed
• Sublingual - mixed
• Other: labial, lingual, buccal, Von Ebner’s

Each gland has a distinct composition and function in saliva production.

Question 22

What types of ducts are found in salivary glands?

Answer 22

• Intercalated
• Striated
• Excretory

These ducts facilitate the transportation of saliva.

Question 23

What are the two portions of the pancreas?

Answer 23

• Endocrine portion (islets of Langerhans)
• Exocrine portion (acinar and duct cells)

The pancreas has both hormonal and digestive functions.

Question 24

What do acinar cells secrete?

Answer 24

Digestive enzymes

These enzymes aid in the digestion of food in the small intestine.

Question 25

What do duct cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 25

Aqueous NaHCO3 solution ## Footnote This solution helps neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum.

Question 26

What are the primary functions of the liver?

Answer 26

* Secretory: plasma proteins, clotting factors * Storage: vitamins A, D, K, and iron * Excretory: degrades drugs and toxins * Metabolism: glucose, lipids, cholesterol * Exocrine: produces bile * Endocrine: modifies hormone action ## Footnote The liver performs many vital functions necessary for maintaining homeostasis.

Question 27

What plasma proteins are produced by the liver?

Answer 27

* Albumins * Lipoproteins * Glycoproteins * Clotting factors * α and β globulins ## Footnote These proteins are essential for various bodily functions, including blood clotting and maintaining osmotic pressure.

Question 28

What is hepatic circulation?

Answer 28

Nutrients and toxins from the small intestine, blood cells from spleen, endocrine secretions from G.I. tract ## Footnote This unique circulation allows the liver to process substances before they enter the systemic circulation.

Question 29

What is the structural organization of the liver?

Answer 29

* Hepatocytes * Connective tissue stroma * Blood vessels * Nerves * Lymphatic vessels * Bile ducts ## Footnote The liver's structure is designed for efficient blood flow and processing.

Question 30

What is the portal triad in the liver?

Answer 30

* Portal vein * Hepatic artery * Bile duct ## Footnote The portal triad is crucial for the liver's blood supply and bile production.

Question 31

What are the features of liver cells (hepatocytes)?

Answer 31

* 80% of cells in liver * 20-30μm in diameter * Binucleate (4n) * Lifespan of 5 months * Central nucleus * Regenerate ## Footnote Hepatocytes are vital for the liver's functions and have a remarkable regenerative capacity.

Question 32

What roles do liver cells in zone 1 play?

Answer 32

* 1st to receive nutrients & toxins * 1st to show changes if bile duct is obstructed * Last to die ## Footnote Their position makes them critical in the liver's response to various stimuli.

Question 33

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 33

Used for storing and concentrating bile ## Footnote The gallbladder plays a key role in digestion by releasing bile into the small intestine.

Question 34

What is the volume capacity of the gallbladder?

Answer 34

50 ml ## Footnote This capacity allows the gallbladder to effectively concentrate bile for digestion.

Question 35

The mucosa of the gallbladder is typical of what type of epithelium?

Answer 35

Absorptive epithelium ## Footnote This allows for the efficient absorption of water and electrolytes in the gallbladder.

Question 36

Human ova and sperm are similar in that: a. about the same number of each is produced per month b. they have the same number of chromosomes c. they are about the same size d. they have the same degree of motility

Answer 36

They have the same number of chromosomes

Question 37

Shortly before release of the ova ? a. blood flow to the follicle increases b. proteolytic enzymes are inhibited c. there is contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the follicle d. the pressure in the antrum decreases

Answer 37

there is contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the follicle

Question 38

Regarding the endometrium of the uterus ? a. secretory glands of the endometrium are in the shape of acini b. stratum functionale is retained at the time of menstruation c. epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia d. spiral arteries supply the portion of the endometrium that is shed at the time of menstruation e. epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia

Answer 38

spiral arteries supply the portion of the endometrium that is shed at the time of menstruation

Question 39

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels is ? a. calcitonin b. ADH c. TSH d. aldosterone e. cortisol

Answer 39

cortisol

Question 40

The structural characteristic that defines an endocrine gland is ? a. The absence of ducts b. Secretory cells surrounded by a basal lamina c. Fenestrated capillaries d. Epithelial cells forming secretory units e. Connective tissue capsule with septa

Answer 40

Epithelial cells forming secretory units

Question 41

The anterior pituitary a. Is composed of unmyelinated axons b. Synthesizes and secretes vasopressin c. Is derived from the neuroectoderm of the primitive brain d. Includes the pars nervosa e. Receives its blood supply via the hypophyseal portal veins

Answer 41

Receives its blood supply via the hypophyseal portal veins

Question 42

(！） _________ hormone is secreted by the chromophobes of the anterior pituitary ? a. growth hormone b. ACTH c. Luteinizing d. Oxytocin e. None of the above

Answer 42

None of the above

Question 43

“Frothy” cells are characteristic of the a. pineal gland b. zona fasciculata c. adrenal medulla d. parathyroid gland

Answer 43

zona fasciculata

Question 44

Which endocrine organ stores its secretory product in follicles? a. Thyroid gland b. Adrenal gland c. Pituitary gland d. Parathyroid gland

Answer 44

Thyroid gland

Question 45

Which chemical is essential for the production of the active thyroid hormone? a. Calcium b. Parathyroid hormone c. Sodium d. Calcitriol e. Iodide

Answer 45

Iodide

Question 46

What important role do the parafollicular cells perform in the endocrine system? a. Feedback on the pituitary gland to decrease its stimuli b. Secrete parathormone c. Function of these cells is not known d. Stimulate osteoclast activity e. Secrete and release the hormone calcitonin

Answer 46

Secrete and release the hormone calcitonin

Question 47

Select the incorrect pairing of a part of the adrenal gland and the hormone it releases. a. Zona glomerulosa--- aldosterone b. Zona fasciculata—cortisol c. Zona reticularis—androgens d. Adrenal medulla—epinephrine e. Zona fasciculata—aldosterone

Answer 47

Zona fasciculata—aldosterone

Question 48

Acidophils of the pituitary gland ? a. Are found in the pars intermedia b. Have granules that stain blue with routine H & E stain c. Are chromophobes d. Are more abundant than basophils in the anterior pituitary e. Secrete vasopressin

Answer 48

Are more abundant than basophils in the anterior pituitary

Question 49

Which of the following is a component of the adrenal medulla? a. Zona reticularis b. Zona glomerulosa c. Zona fasciculata d. Chromaffin cells

Answer 49

Chromaffin cells

Question 50

Which gland secretes calcitonin? a. Pancreas b. Thyroid c. Pineal gland d. Adrenal gland (cortex

Answer 50

Thyroid

Question 51

Hormone that regulates salt levels include: a. aldosterone b. atrial natriuretic c. Aldosterone (duplicate) d. ADH e. calcitonin

Answer 51

aldosterone

Question 52

Regarding thyroid follicles, a. An active follicle has a higher (more columnar) epithelium and little stored colloid. b. Follicular cells secrete calcitonin c. Follicles are lined with stratified columnar epithelium d. They are poorly vascularized

Answer 52

An active follicle has a higher (more columnar) epithelium and little stored colloid.

Question 53

Which of the following is present in a primary follicle of the ovary a. Antral cavity b. Zona pellucida c. Cumulus oophorous d. Corona radiata

Answer 53

Zona pellucida

Question 54

What type of tissue composes most kidney tubules? a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Simple columnar epithelium d. Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 54

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 55

One function of the corpus luteum is to a. nourish and protect the egg cell b. produce prolactin in the alveoli c. produce progesterone and estrogen d. stimulate ovulation

Answer 55

produce progesterone and estrogen

Question 56

The function of mesangial cells in the renal corpuscle is the ? a. Secretion of renin b. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone c. Formation of a portion of the filtration barrier d. Active transport of sodium e. Clear filtration slits of debris

Answer 56

Clear filtration slits of debris

Question 57

Select the incorrect pairing of a part of the adrenal gland and the hormone it releases. a. Zona fasciculata—aldosterone pairing) b. Adrenal medulla—epinephrine c. Zona glomerulosa—aldosterone d. Zona fasciculata—cortisol e. Zona reticularis—androgens

Answer 57

Zona fasciculata—aldosterone pairing)

Question 58

The permeability of the collecting ducts is directly influenced by a secretion produced by the ? a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary c. Adrenal cortex d. Adrenal medulla

Answer 58

Posterior pituitary