Exam 4

Question 1

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 1

excessive anxiety that persists for at least six months

Question 2

What is panic disorder?

Answer 2

intense feelings of apprehension, tearfulness, terror, or a sense of impending doom that occurs at least once a month

Question 3

What is social anxiety disorder (aka social phobia)?

Answer 3

involves unreasonable and persistent fear of being judged, ridiculed, or embarrassed in public settings.

Question 4

Define sedative-hypnotic?

Answer 4

a drug that provides a calming effect at lower doses for those experiencing anxiety while also having the potential to induce sleep at higher doses.

Question 5

How do benzodiazepines work?

Answer 5

Act on GABA receptors, thereby enhancing the effects of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) to promote calmness

Question 6

What are the adverse effects of temazepam?

Answer 6

May include sleep-related behaviors like sleep-driving or sleep walking. The drug has a half-life of 10-12 hours, which gives it an advantage in maintaining sleep; however, this extended duration makes it more likely to cause daytime sedation.

Question 7

How do kidneys contribute to calcium levels?

Answer 7

Kidneys activate vitamin D3 into its active form, calcitriol, which helps increase blood calcium levels.

Question 8

What is the most accurate lab value for CKD?

Answer 8

GFR

Question 9

How do you begin a 24-hour urine collection?

Answer 9

Have the patient urinate into the toilet and flush

Question 10

What are the clinical manifestations of CKD?

Answer 10

HTN, fluid retention, and abnormal potassium levels (as the kidneys are responsible for excreting 80-90% of the body’s potassium)

Question 11

Explain the pathophysiology of the musculoskeletal effects of CKD.

Answer 11

CKD can lead to calcitriol deficiency and hypocalcemia due to diminished kidney activation of vitamin D. This results in lowered serum calcium levels and hyperphosphatemia from decreased phosphate excretion, ultimately leading to bone demineralization and an increased risk of fractures.

Question 12

in addition to Kayexalate, what else is used to treat hyperphosphatemia related to CKD?

Answer 12

Phosphate binders such as PhosLo (calcium acetate) and sevelamer (Renagel, Renvela) are utilized to treat hyperphosphatemia related to CKD.

Question 13

How do phosphate binders work?

Answer 13

By binding to phosphate in the bowel, preventing absorption.

Question 14

What dietary modifications might a person with CKD need to take?

Answer 14

Limit their dietary phosphorus (fewer dairy products and meats) and potassium intake.