Exam 4

Question 1

Autobiographical memory

Answer 1

Memories regarding ourselves and our relationships with the world around us

Semantic and episodic memory systems used

Question 2

Williams, Conway, Cohen

Answer 2

Proposed four functions of autobiographical memory

Question 3

Directice function of autobiographical memory

Answer 3

Using past experiences to solve problems

Question 4

Social function of autobiographical memory

Answer 4

Bonding or seperating people

Question 5

Self-representational function of autobiographical memory

Answer 5

Creating and maintaing our self-image

Question 6

True or false: Autobiographical memories are often used directively

Answer 6

False: they are rarely used directively

Question 7

Bluck et al.

Answer 7

Autobiographical memories serve a variety of overlapping purposes

Question 8

Classic Diary Method

Answer 8

Participants are asked to record events in a diary and later memories are objectively compared to initial ones

Question 9

Linton

Answer 9

Studied the probability of forgetting a diary item as a function of elasped time and number of prior tests

Question 10

Wagenaar

Answer 10

Who, what, where cues equally effective in prompting memories (when, not so much)

Question 11

Memory probe method

Answer 11

Provide participants with a cue and ask them to recollect a autobiographical memory

Question 12

Infantile amnesia

Answer 12

Only having few memories from ages 2-5

Question 13

Recency effect

Answer 13

Tendency to recall very recent memories

Question 14

Reminiscence bump

Answer 14

People over 40 report memories from ages 15-30 more often

usually just positive memories

Question 15

Life narrative

Answer 15

An account of who we are and how we got here (emotionally intense, well-encoded events)

Question 16

The working self

Answer 16

A complex set of active goals and self-images (professional goals, personal details)

Question 17

Autoneotic consciousness

Answer 17

The ability to perform mental time travel and reflect on our thoughts

Question 18

True or false: people who are better at inhibiting memories generate fewer negative experiences

Answer 18

True!

Question 19

Fading affect bias

Answer 19

Tendency for negative memories to lose their emotional charge faster than positive memories

Question 20

HSAM (highly superior autobiographical memories)

Answer 20

People exhibit extraordinary memory for everyday events

Patient RM

Question 21

SDAM (severely deficient autobiographical memory)

Answer 21

Unable to remember autobiographical memories or re-experience them

Question 22

Psychogenic amnesia

Answer 22

No clear link to brain damage

Question 23

Fugue

Answer 23

Sudden loss of autobiographical memory, significant loss of sense of identity (wandering)

Question 24

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 24

Anxiety disorder developed after a highly stressful event

Question 25

PTSD

Answer 25

The autonomic nervous system perceives a threat and releases stress hormones causing prolonged stress

Question 26

Posterior midline cortex

Answer 26

Area critical for autobiographical memory retrieval

Question 27

Neural tube

Answer 27

Emerges in the developing embryo, one end becomes the primary brain vesicles

Question 28

Rovee-Collier

Answer 28

Showed that infants engaged in perceptual discrimination (only kick when the mobile was yellow) and context-sensitive (only kick if in the room they learned the behavior)

Question 29

Nelson

Answer 29

2 year-old can encode and remember specific events

Question 30

Simcock and Hayne

Answer 30

Magic shrinking machine

Question 31

Howe and Courage

Answer 31

Must have a sense of self for autobiographical memories

Question 32

Visual self recognition

Answer 32

around 2 years, an earler marker of a sense of self

Question 33

Fivush and Nelson

Answer 33

When mother-child conversations were freely interacting, children remembered more

Question 34

Elaborate reminscing style

Answer 34

provides a way for children to rehearse their memories, enhances memory

Question 35

Down's Syndrome

Answer 35

Deficit in digit span

Question 36

True or fasle: older children are more easily misled in biased conditions

Answer 36

False; younger children are (3-4)

Question 38

Synatpic development of hearing / visual functions peak before those involved with language/speech

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Practice effects

Answer 39

Participants get better at taking to same tests

Question 40

Cohort effect

Answer 40

Tendency for people born at different times to differ

Question 41

Flynn effect

Answer 41

People of the same age tested recently tend to have higher scores than people in earlier years

Question 42

Bopp and Verhaeghen

Answer 42

Simple storage tasks are less sensitive to affects of aging

Question 43

Hasher and Zach

Answer 43

Inhibition deficit hypothesis of aging

Question 44

Modulating factors (Craik, 2005)

Answer 44

Processing capacity and environmental support

Question 45

Associative deficit hypothesis

Answer 45

differences between young and old is attributable to basic learning capacity

Question 46

Self-performed task effect

Answer 46

age effects minimized by asking elderly to perform a task related to a to-be-remembered item

Question 47

Prspective memory

Answer 47

Being able to remember a future task

Question 48

Baddeley's Speed and Capacity of Language Processing test

Answer 48

Spot the word (highly resistent to age), semantic processing test (reaction times sensitive to age)

Question 49

Orerall brain

Answer 49

shrinks with age

Question 50

Ventricles

Answer 50

expand with age

Question 51

Frontal lobes

Answer 51

shrink most rapidly with age

Question 52

Temporal lobes

Answer 52

shrink slowly with age

Question 53

Hippocampus

Answer 53

shrinks slowly, then rapidly by 80 years old

Question 54

Occipital lobes

Answer 54

Shrink slowly with age

Question 55

true or false: the elderly dont show occipito-temporal activation and therefore dont benefit from visual mneumonics

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Dopamine

Answer 56

Agonists: improve spatial working memory Antagonists: diminish spatial working memory ## Footnote depletion associated with parkinson's and huntington's diseases

Question 57

Fabiani, Gratton

Answer 57

an increase in arterial stiffness correlated with loss of grey matter and functional connectivity changes

Question 58

Meltzer

Answer 58

A psychologist that experienced amnesia after a coma. loss of memory and memory skills

Question 59

Iris Murdoch

Answer 59

A novelist who had Alzheimer's disease

Question 60

Alzheimer's and forgetting

Answer 60

AD patients have forgetting rates that match those of normal elderly

Question 61

Hodges, Patterson

Answer 61

Degree of temporal lobe atrophy predicts deficits in semantic memory

Question 62

Alzheimer's and working memory (Baddeley)

Answer 62

AD patients showed a drastic decrease in the dual-task condition

Question 63

AD treatment

Answer 63

inhibit cholinesterase to prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine / teach skills with implit or procedural memory

Question 64

Reminiscence therapy

Answer 64

Helps patients maintian a sense of identity

Question 65

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 65

A problem encoding, storing, or retrieving info to use in the future ## Footnote Ex: Patient HM

Question 66

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 66

Problem accessing past events ## Footnote Ex: Clive Wearing (he had both tho)

Question 67

Keith

Answer 67

Impaired episodic memory

Question 68

Jon

Answer 68

Impaired episodic memory and impaired recall abilities

Question 69

Dewer et al.

Answer 69

Amnesic patients are very susceptible to the disruption of consolidation

Question 70

Confabulation

Answer 70

Unintentional reporting of false autobiographical info | Provoked (patient filling in gaps) or spontaneous (frontal lobe damage)

Question 71

Patient RR

Answer 71

Extensive bilateral damage to frontal lobes. spontaneous confabulations about incident