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Psych 302 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stable-baseline design?

A

A design where behavior is observed for a long time before intervention to establish stability.

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2
Q

Why are quasi-experiments high in external validity?

A

Because they often take place in real-world settings.

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3
Q

What is a history threat?

A

An external event that affects participants during the study.

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4
Q

What does it mean for a study to be replicable?

A

It can be repeated with similar results.

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5
Q

Who was Henry Molaison (H.M.)?

A

A patient whose brain surgery led to discoveries about memory; helped identify the role of the hippocampus.

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6
Q

What is a testing threat?

A

Repeated testing influences participants’ responses.

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7
Q

What is a quasi-experiment?

A

A study that lacks random assignment to conditions.

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8
Q

What is conceptual replication?

A

Testing the same idea using different methods or measures.

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9
Q

What does high internal validity mean in small-N studies?

A

The design strongly supports a causal relationship between variables.

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10
Q

What is situation noise?

A

Uncontrolled environmental variables that add variability.

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11
Q

What is open science?

A

Sharing data, materials, and preregistrations to promote transparency.

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12
Q

What is an attrition threat?

A

When participants drop out in a non-random way.

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13
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable that varies with the independent variable and provides an alternative explanation.

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14
Q

What is a nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest design?

A

Adds a pretest to measure changes over time in both groups.

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15
Q

What is a reversal design?

A

A design that introduces and withdraws treatment to observe changes in behavior.

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16
Q

What does triangulation mean in small-N research?

A

Using multiple data sources or methods to validate findings.

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17
Q

What is a nonequivalent control group design?

A

A quasi-experimental design with a treatment and comparison group that are not created by random assignment.

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18
Q

What is instrumentation threat?

A

Changes in measurement tools or procedures over time.

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19
Q

What is regression to the mean?

A

Extreme scores tend to move closer to the average over time.

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20
Q

How do you identify a factorial design?

A

Look for language like ‘it depends’ or ‘only when’.

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21
Q

What does WEIRD stand for in psychology?

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic samples.

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22
Q

What are the main disadvantages of small-N studies?

A

Low external validity and difficulty attributing behavior to specific brain regions.

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23
Q

What is HARKing?

A

Hypothesizing after results are known.

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24
Q

Why are quasi-experiments used?

A

When random assignment is not ethical or feasible.

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25
when conducting a study with a within-subjects design, how many people receive the "experimental stimulus," or whatever measures that are being used?
ALL participants. Within-subjects means all paritcipants receive all levels of the experimental treatment. So, if as within-subjects study has 100 participants, you only need 100 participants to test your hypothesis
26
What are ceiling and floor effects?
When scores are clustered at the high or low end, limiting variability.
27
What is a small-N design?
A study design that gathers detailed information from a few participants, often just one.
28
what makes a study "experimental" in nature?
the researcher **randomly assings** participants to treatment groups ## Footnote without this assignment, experiments can be only quasi-experimental
29
What does a crossover interaction look like?
Lines that intersect on a graph.
30
how do you describe a two-way interaction mathematically?
difference in differences
31
What is an interrupted time-series design?
Measures a variable multiple times before and after a treatment or event.
32
How are factorial designs used in real-world research?
To test moderation and replicate effects across conditions.
33
What is external validity?
The degree to which study results generalize to other populations or settings.
34
double-blind study
A double-blind study is a type of experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers interacting with them know which condition (e.g., treatment vs. placebo) each participant is in.
35
data we collect from participants in psychology always contain these two things
the participant's actual score + random error that we can't explain
36
What does a spreading interaction look like?
Lines that start close and spread apart.
37
What is a participant variable?
A measured variable like age or gender included in a factorial design.
38
what type of study design is considered the gold standard in psychology?
double blind placebo controlled trial
39
What is a multiple-baseline design?
A design that staggers the intervention across subjects, times, or settings to rule out alternative explanations.
40
What is replication plus extension?
Replicating a study while adding new variables.
41
What is a 2x2 factorial design?
A design with two independent variables, each with two levels.
42
theory-testing mode
In psychology, theory-testing mode refers to a research approach focused on testing hypotheses derived from theoretical models, rather than generalizing to real-world populations or settings. It prioritizes internal validity and causal inference, often using controlled laboratory experiments.
43
What is direct replication?
Repeating a study as closely as possible to the original.
44
What is a factorial design?
An experimental design that includes two or more independent variables.
45
What is a maturation threat?
A change in participants over time that affects the DV.
46
What are the four types of validity discussed in small-N designs?
Internal, external, construct, and statistical.
47
What is the placebo effect?
Participants improve because they believe they received treatment.
48
What is a repeated-measures quasi-experiment?
A design where participants experience all levels of the independent variable without random assignment.
49
What is a main effect?
The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable, averaging across other variables.
50
51
What is a multiple time-series design?
An interrupted time-series with a comparison group.
52
Why are small-N designs used in clinical behavior change?
To determine whether a specific intervention worked for a specific patient.
53
How is internal validity addressed in quasi-experiments?
Through careful design, matched groups, and statistical control.
54
What is p-hacking?
Manipulating data or analysis until statistically significant results are found.
55
where are small-N designs used most frequently?
in therapeutic settings
56
Why are interactions important?
They reveal whether the effect of one variable changes across levels of another.
57
What are threats to internal validity in quasi-experiments?
Selection effects, maturation, history, regression to the mean.
58
What is an interaction effect?
When the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV.
59
What is the file drawer problem?
The bias introduced when only positive findings are published.
60
reverse confound
This is a confound that counteracts the true effect of the independent variable and prevents the researcherfrom finding the relationship between two variables

Psych 302 (8 decks)

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