Exam 4

Question 1

Infection

Answer 1

situation in which a microorganism is established and growing in a host, whether or not host is harmed

Question 2

Disease

Answer 2

actual tissue damage or injury that impairs host function

Question 3

Pathogens

Answer 3

microbial parasites that cause disease, or tisstue damage in a host

Question 4

pathogenicity

Answer 4

The ability of the parasite to inflict damage to a host

Question 5

How does the bacteria adhere to and infect the cells?

Answer 5

Adhere to the skin or muscose

Question 6

Adhesins

Answer 6

are specialized surface proteins/molecules/receptors that enable bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens to attach to host cells or surfaces, initiating colonization and infection

Question 7

Tropism

Answer 7

the ability of a giver pathogen to infect a specific location of cells

Question 8

Capsules

Answer 8

sticky, contains specific receptors to facilitate attachment on host tissue, and protects host cells

Question 9

Examples of Bacteria that have capsules:

Answer 9

Streptococcus pneumiae & Baccilus Athraxis

Question 10

Other things bacteria use for adherence

Answer 10

fimbriae, Pili, & Flagella

Question 11

Fimbriae

Answer 11

thin, hair like appendeages found on the surface of some bacteria. The Shortest 3

Question 12

Pili

Answer 12

longer and fewer in number than fimbriae

Question 13

Flagella

Answer 13

Longest & mainly used for motility

Question 14

Colonization

Answer 14

The growth of microorganisms after they’ve gained access to host tissues.

Question 15

When does Colonization begain?

Answer 15

at birth

Question 16

What does Colonization usually start with

Answer 16

typically starts with mucous membranes, or tightly packed epithelial cells coated in mucus, a thick liquid secreation of glycoproteins

Question 17

Bacteria in mouth

Answer 17

Streptococcus sobrinus & Streptococcus mutans

Question 18

Streptococcus sobrinus

Answer 18

• attaches to saliva
• biofilm called plaque
• Lactic Acid Fermenter

Question 19

Streptococcus mutans

Answer 19

• attaches to the gums
• biofilm called plaque
• Lactic Acid Fermenter

Question 20

Invasiveness

Answer 20

tje ability of pathogens to grow in host tissue at densities that inhibit host function

Question 21

Bacteremia

Answer 21

the presence of bacteria in the blood stream & cells can be detected but have not colonized or replicate

Question 22

Septicemia

Answer 22

Blood borne systemic infection & may lead to massive inflammation ,septic shock, and death

Question 23

Virulence

Answer 23

the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease

Question 24

Measuring Virulence

Answer 24

number of pathogens it takes to kill 50 % of the test subjects

Question 25

How can virulence be estimated?

Answer 25

from expreiment studies of lethal dose 50

Question 26

Attenuation

Answer 26

a pathogen loses its virulence

Question 27

How does Attenuation happen?

Answer 27

When pathogens are kept in a laboratory culture rather than isolated from disease animals, their virulence often decreases of may be completely lost.

Question 28

Virulence in Salmonella

Answer 28

Pathogenicity Islands and Plasimites

Question 29

Salmonella pathogenity island contains

Answer 29

genes that promote a more systemic disease Salmonella

Question 30

Compromised host

Answer 30

any patient, whose normal defense mechanisms are impaired, making the individual more susceptible to infection

Question 31

Opportunistic infections

Answer 31

are those cause by organisms that do not cause disease in healthy host

Question 32

Nosocomial infections

Answer 32

healthcare associated infections

Question 33

examples of nosocomial infections

Answer 33

MRSA & C.Diff

Question 34

Infection with virus can ...

Answer 34

weaken the immune system

Question 35

Tissue destroying enzymes

Answer 35

- Hyaluronidase - Coagulase - Streptokinase - Colgenalse

Question 36

Hyaluronidase

Answer 36

breaks down host tissue and hyaluronic acid & proceed by streptococcus, staph, clostridium.

Question 37

Coagulase

Answer 37

causes the clotting of blood, produce thybrine, and caused by streptococcus pygenes

Question 38

Collagenase

Answer 38

an enzyme that breaks down collagen

Question 39

Lysozymes

Answer 39

antimicrobial enzymes that break down the cell walls of bacteria, aiding in the body's innate immune system.

Question 40

Toxicity

Answer 40

is the ability of an organism to cause disease by means of a toxin that inhibits hot cell function of kills host cells.

Question 41

Exotoxins

Answer 41

toxins proceed by call and are sent out by cell/ Proteins released from pathogen cell as it grows

Question 42

3 Categories of Exotoxins

Answer 42

- Cytolytic toxins - AB toxins - Superantigen toxins

Question 43

Cytolytic toxins

Answer 43

work by degrading cytoplasm membrane causing cell lysis and death

Question 44

Hemolysins

Answer 44

destruction of red blood cells

Question 45

Example of Cytolytic toxins

Answer 45

Staphylococcus aureus infections which can kill nucleated cells and lysis erythrocytes.

Question 46

AB toxins

Answer 46

most potent exotoxins, contain and A & B subunit

Question 46

what does subunit B do?

Answer 46

it attachs to receptor on host cell and A