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Nutritional Science 332 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of parathyroid hormone

A

Acts on kidneys (renal tubules) to increase reabsorption and decrease excretion of Ca2+

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2
Q

Function of antidiuretic hormone

A

Aka arginine vasopressin
Released from posterior pituitary gland in response to increase in ECF osmolarity/decreased blood volume (dehydration)
Acts on kidneys to increase water and Na+ reabosorption

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3
Q

What inhibits the secretion of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Alcohol

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4
Q

Function of renin

A

Enzyme released by kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure
Cuts small peptide off the end of angiotensinogen
Ultimate result after cascade: decreases excretion of Na+ and water, increases reabsorption, and increases excretion of K+, increase in blood pressure

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5
Q

Function of angiotensinogen

A

After a peptide is cut off by renin, becomes angiotensin I

Made in liver

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6
Q

Function of angiotensin I

A

Once it reaches the lungs, it is converted to angiotensin II

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7
Q

Function of angiotensin II

A

Vasoconstrictor
Causes release of aldosterone from adrenal glands
Causes release of antidiuretic hormone

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8
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Hormone
Acts on renal tubules to increase Na+ reabsorption and K+ excretion (water follows Na+)
= increased blood volume = increased blood pressure
Also increases K+ uptake into cells

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9
Q

Roles of Na+ in the body

A

Maintaining water and electrolyte balance
Aids in nutrient absorption
Neural and muscular function

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10
Q

What cation circulates in blood with 50% of the total being bound to albumin?

A

Ca+

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11
Q

Symptoms of Na+ deficiency

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, heavy sweating, muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

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12
Q

Symptoms of Na+ toxicity

A

Edema, hypertension

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13
Q

Functions of Cl-

A 
Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
HCl production (stomach)
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14
Q

Symptoms of Cl- deficiency

A

Heavy sweating, diarrhea, vomiting (same as Na+)

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15
Q

Functions of K+

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Nerve and muscle function
Growth

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16
Q

Function of epinephrine

A

Might be important after exercise to prevent hypokalemia (low blood K+)

17
Q

Function of insulin

A

Increases K+ uptake after eating

18
Q

Symptoms of K+ deficiency

A

Hypokalemia
Diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration
Associated with use of diuretics (like alcohol), steroids, laxatives
Muscle weakness, paralysis, confusion, cardiac arrhythmias
May cause hypertension

19
Q

Symptoms of K+ toxicity

A

Hyperkalemia
Occurs with overuse of supplements
Muscle weakness, vomiting, severe heart failure

20
Q

What are the trace minerals?

A

Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, Se, I

21
Q

Which is the ferrous form of iron?

A

Fe2+

22
Q

Which is the ferric form of iron?

A

Fe3+ (THREEsomes make me sICk

23
Q

Function of hemosiderin?

A

Storage protein for iron
Mainly used in liver and when there is excess
Marker for toxicity

24
Q

Which form of iron is in heme?

A

Ferrous (2+)

25
Q

What makes up hemoglobin?

A

4 heme groups + 4 protein subunits

26
Q

What is the function of myoglobin and where does it act?

A

Muscles

Releases oxygen for ATP production and muscle contraction

27
Q

What makes up a heme group?

A

A protoporphyrin ring (nitrogen containing) with ferrous (2+) iron and oxygen

28
Q

What is a cytochrome?

A

Cytochromes are, membrane-bound hemeproteins containing heme groups and are primarily responsible for the generation of ATP via electron transport chain

29
Q

What does the body do if it does not need iron?

A

It is not absorbed, and therefore excreted with the sloughing off of intestinal cells

30
Q

What does the body do if it needs iron?

A

Ferritin releases iron to ferroportin to be transported out of the mucosal cell, it is oxidised, then taken by trasferrin to blood

31
Q

What is the function of hepcidin?

A

Released by liver in response to adequate storage of iron
Decreases the absorption of iron
Pulls ferroportin away from the basolateral membrane

32
Q

How does iron regulate the expression of genes that are involved in its own metabolism?

A

When present, a 4Fe-4S complex will bind to IRP1, blocking it from attaching to the IRE on the mRNA that codes for the transferrin receptor and ferritin, and unbound IRP2 protein is targeted for destruction by the proteosome = nuclease digestion of transferrin receptor mRNA, and expression of ferritin

When absent, the complex does not bind to the IRP and then it can bind to the IRE = expression of transferrin receptor protein and not of ferritin

33
Q

Functions of zinc

A

VERSATILE

cofactor for metalloenzymes and DNA binding proteins

Nutritional Science 332 (3 decks)

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