Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacology > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

1
Q

4 stages of anesthetics?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement
  3. Surgical Anesthesia
  4. Medullary paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Induction

A

Time from administration of anesthetic to reach stage 3 dependent upon uptake from lungs and distribution to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Minimum Alveoli Concentration

A

Concentration of inhaled anesthetic that results in 50% of patients failing to move in response to surgical incision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Greater the MAC =?

A

Lower the POTENCY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LOW MAC=?

A

High Potency like Halothane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

name a low potent anesthetic

A

Nitrous Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Recovery

A

Reverse of induction, dependent upon export of inhalation anesthetic in the expired breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

MOA of inhalation anesthetics?

A

Enhance effects of GABA, while suppressing actions of Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adverse effects of Inhalation Anesthetics?

A 
↬ Respiratory depression
↬ Cardiac Depression
↬ Sensitization of heart to catecholamines
↬ Malignant hyperthermia
↬ Aspiration of gastric contents
↬ Hepatotoxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of inhalation anesthetics?

A
  1. Volatile Liquids

2. Gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Volatile liquid anesthetics

A

↬ Halothane

↬ Isoflurane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name a gas anesthetic

A

↬ Nitrous Oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pre-anesthetic drugs you can give

A

↬ Benzodiazepines
↬ Opioids for pre-op pain
↬ Anti-cholinergic drugs - atropine (decreases secretions) and maintains HR up
↬ Neuromuscular blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Post-anesthetic meds you give?

A

↬ Anelgesics
↬ Anti-emetic
↬ Muscurinic Agonists (bethanecol - increases GI, urinary motility)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How are intravenous anesthetics used?

A

Either alone or to supplement the effects of inhalation anesthetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two potential benefits of IV agents when combined with inhaled anesthetics?

A
  1. Permit dosage of inhaled agents to be reduced

2. Produced effects that cannot be achieved with an inhaled agent alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of IV anesthetics

A
  1. Barbiturates
  2. Benzodiazepines
  3. Miscellaneous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name a Barbiturates

A

Thiopental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name a Benzodiazepine

A

Midazolam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Ketamine

A

A tasteless, odorless, amnesia inducing drug. Date rape drug. Distorts sounds and sensations and makes patients feel detached from reality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Action of Propofol

A

Induces and maintains anesthesia, sedates during mechanical ventilation and during non-invasive procedures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adverse effects of Propofol

A

↬ Resp. depression
↬ Hypotension
↬ Bacterial infection

23
Q

Use of local anesthetics

A

To get rid of pain prior to procedures and also found in OTC meds.

24
Q

MOA of local anesthetics

A

Inhibits sensory neurons that carry painful stimuli to CNS, by blocking influx of NA+ in nerve cell

25
Classes of local anesthetics
1. Esters - Short duration of action, metabolized by enzyme esterase's present in blood & skin 2. Amide - Long duration of action, metabolized in liver
26
Ester local anesthetics
1. Procaine 2. Cocaine 3. Benzocaine 4. Tetracaine
27
Amide local anesthetics
1. Lidocaine 2. Mepivacaine 3. Bupivacaine 4. Prilocaine
28
Local Anesthetics ROA?
Topically and Injection
29
Local Anesthetics adverse effects?
``` ↬ Systemic effects when given frequently & at high does or in areas of open injury ↬ Cardiovascular& CNS disturbances ↬ If patient has hypersensitivity switch class of anesthetic ```
30
Define Opioids
Drug produces same pharmacological effects as opium same pharmacological effects as endogenous neuropeptides (ENKEPHALINS, ENDORPHINS, DYNORPHINS) → work on 3 receptors MU, KAPPA, DELTA
31
What receptors do Opioids work on?
MU, KAPPA
32
Classifications of Opioids
1. Opioid agonist 2. Opioid antagonist 3. Opioid agonist/antagonist (morphine)
33
Physiological actions of Morphine?
Histamine release Emesis Contraction of smooth muscle in biliary & urinary tract Cardiovascular changes (orthostatic hypotension) Decreases cough reflex, GI motility, Uterine tone, Mental fx Respiratory depression Euphoria Analgesia Myosis
34
Indications for Morphine
- Pain - Diarrhea - Relief of cough - Relief of acute pulmonary edema
35
Adverse effects of Morphine
↬ N&V ↬ Respiratory depression ↬ Constipation ↬ Urinary retention ↬ Elevation of intracranial pressure caused by rep. depression ↬ Tolerance to analgesic, sedative & euphoria effects needing an increased dosage ↬ Tolerance also develops to resp. depression ↬ No tolerance to myosis or constipation ↬ Physical dependency rarely a problem if its taken for less than 2 weeks, if taken longer physical and psychological dependency increases. ↬ No cross tolerance w/ CNS depressants ↬ Cross tolerance w/ other opioids ↬ Cross placenta & cause resp. depression in newborn
36
Morphine drug-drug interaction
``` ↬ CNS depressants ↬ Anticholinergics ↬ Hypotensive drugs ↬ MAO inhibitors ↬ Agonist/Antagonist drugs like Pentazocine ```
37
Codeine action
similar to morphine, but milder
38
Indication of Codeine
Anti-tussive & treatment of mild to moderate pain
39
Pentazocine classification
partial agonist, antagonist. Works @ Kappa as agonist and @ MU as antagonist
40
What happens if Pentazocine is given with morphine?
If given for a long period of time withdrawal syndrome can occur.
41
Pure Opioid Antagonists
Narcan & Naltrexone
42
Narcan MOA
Competitive antagonist
43
Narcan Indications
Reverses opioid OD, and post-op opioid effect
44
Narcan onset of action & duration
Within 30 secs of admin & brief
45
Narcan adverse effects
Tachycardia Cardiac Dysrhythmias Withdrawal
46
Naltrexone MOA
Competitive antagonist
47
Naltrexone Indication
Benefit to patients with opioid dependency because it can be given orally & has a longer duration of action 48hrs
48
Adverse effects of Naltrexone
Similar to Narcan but also Hepatotoxicity
49
Strong opioid agonists list
▸ Morphine ▸ Meperidine ▸ Methadone ▸ Fentanyl
50
Moderate to strong opioid agonists list
▸ Codeine ▸ Oxycodone ▸ Hydrocodone
51
Combination Opioid Agonists list
▸ Hydrocodone + Acetaminophen = Vicodin ▸ Oxycodone + Aspirin = Perocodan ▸ Oxycodone + Acetaminophen = Percocet
52
Agonist/Antagonist opioids list
▸ Pentazocine
53
Opioid antagonist list
▸ Narcan | ▸ Naltrexone

Pharmacology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions