Exam 4 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Where is the light source diaphragm on the microscope
A
On the bottom, where light comes from
2
Q
Where is the condenser diaphragm on a microscope
A
Under the stage
3
Q
Where is the reostat on a microscope
A
It’s below the power button on the right
4
Q
describe an agar plate
A
good for surface area. pure cultures
5
Q
what are agar slants used for
A
storing cultures
6
Q
what are agar deep’s good for?
A
showing if the organism is motile
7
Q
What are CFU’s?
A
Colony forming units
8
Q
in a standard plate count, what are you reading?
A
the colony forming units (CFU’s)
9
Q
Is Mannitol salts selective, differential, or both?
A
both
10
Q
If there is growth in Mannitol salts, what does that mean the organism can survive in?
A
in salt, (its a halodore)
11
Q
when the pH goes down in Mannitol salts, what color will it turn?
A
yellow
12
Q
Why would Mannitol salts turn yellow?
A
The mannitol fermented
13
Q
Is MaConkey agar selective, differential, or both?
A
both
14
Q
If bacteria grows in MaConkey agar, is it gram (+) or (-)
A
(-)
15
Q
What does the MaConkey agar plate test for?
A
If lactose fermentation occurs
16
Q
What color will the MaConkey agar turn if it ferments?
A
red/pink
17
Q
what does the starch hydrolysis test test for?
A
if the organism can eat starch
18
Q
what does the starch hydrolysis test use?
A
starch + iodine
19
Q
if the starch hydrolysis plate clears up and has no color, what does that mean?
A
the bacteria CAN hydrolyze (eat starch)
20
Q
is the starch hydrolysis plate differential, selective, or both?
A
differential
21
Q
what does an oxidase test look for?
A
cytochrome C
22
Q
what color will show is cytochrome C is present in the oxidase test? meaning it is oxidase positive
A
Blue
23
Q
in a catalase test, what do you add?
A
hydrogen peroxide
24
Q
is bubbles result in the catalase test, what does that mean?
A
it is catalase positive
25
the oxidase and catalase tests are both what kind of tests?
complex
26
mannitol salts test is selective for what
halodures (KEEP STUDYING!!!!)
27
mannitol salts test is differential for what?
mannitol fermentation
28
macConkey test is selective for what?
gram (-) growth
29
macConkey test is differential for what?
lactose fermentation
30
What test is tested on a blood plate?
hemolysis
31
if the blood agar turns green, what does that tell you? (2 things)
its Alpha (a) and it is incomplete hemolysis
32
if the blood agar turns clear, what does that tell you? (2 things)
complete lysis occured in the red cells of media, its Beta (b)
33
If the blood agar has no change, what does that tell you?
it's gamma, no hemolysis
34
what do coloforms look like when they grow?
metallic green
35
When measuring a zone of inhibition, how is it measured?
in milimeters
36
do you want susceptibility in antibiotics?
yes
37
does alcohol kill spores?
no
38
what do gram stains the properties of?
the cell wall
39
what are the steps to a heat fix? (7 steps)
1) prepare the smear (loopful of water on slide, place bacteria and smear, let dry)
2) heat fix (over bunson burner x 3)
3) crystal violet (1 min)
4) Iodine (1 min)
5) alcohol (
40
what does heat fixing do to the bacteria? (3)
1) kills bacteria
2) adheres bacteria to slide
3) denatures proteins in membrane, making bacteria porous so state can penetrate
41
is gram positive or negative stained purple?
positive
42
what is epidemiology the study of?
where and when diseases occur and how they're transmitted within populations
43
define incidence
the # of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time
44
define prevalence
amount over time
45
define endemic
a natural occurrence in the area
46
define sporadic
occurring at irregular intervals
47
define epidemic
when a disease occurs more often than normal for an area
48
how far (over land) is an epidemic before it becomes a pandemic?
epidemics refer to 1 continent, not country
49
what is a pandemic
disease that spreads over more than 1 continent
50
what are 2 types of nosocomial infections?
exogenous
endogenous
latrogenic
51
what is an exogenous infection?
caused by pathogens acquired from healthcare environment
52
what is an endogenous infection?
they arise from normal microbiota in patient and become pathogenic because of factors in the health care setting
53
what are latrogenic infections
a direct result from a medical procedure. (use of catheters, surgery)
54
What is LD
lethal dose
55
what is ID
infectious dose
56
what are 3 contact transmission examples in infectious disease
direct, indirect, droplet
57
examples of direct transmission
handshaking, kissing, sexual intercourse
58
examples of indirect transmission
through an inanimate object
59
example of droplet transmission
sneezing
60
what are 3 vehicle transmissions for infectious disease?
airborne, waterborne, foodborne
61
what is an example of airborne transmission
dust particles
62
example of waterborne transmission
streams, pools
63
example of foodborne transmission
poultry, seafood, meat
64
what does vector mean in vector transmission of infectious disease
vectors are animals that transmit diseases from one hose to another.
65
what 2 things does vector transmission get broken down into?
mechanical and biologcial
66
whats (vector) mechanical transmission?
the animal did not bite you, but physically moved the disease to you. like a fly throwing up on us.
67
HI CHASE!
=)
68
whats (vector) biological transmission?
the animal bites. like lice, mites, mosquito's, ticks
69
whats the first line of defense for our immune system?
mechanical (skin) and chemical (stomach-gastric juices)
70
whats the 2nd line of defense for our immune system?
all the physiological stuff
71
what makes up innate immunity?
the first 2 lines of defense
72
nonspecific defenses are also called what
innate
73
specific immunity is also called what?
adaptive
74
what is phagocytosis
(eating bacteria) ingestion of foreign particles by phagocytes
75
what are phagocytes
types of WBC or derivatives, aka leukocytes
76
what is in the outer membrane of ALL gram neg bacteria?
LPS
77
what are leukocytes?
white blood cells
78
what makes up the majority of WBC
neutrophils
79
what is the first cell type that reaches an injury?
neutrophils
80
are neutrophils powerful?
yes
81
can neutrophils phagocytose?
yes
82
what happens once neutrophils complete their jobs?
they die.
83
what do neutrophils do in regards to communications?
tells the rest of the system whats going on through cytokines
84
can eosinophils phagocytose?
NO CHASE THEY CANT!
85
what are eosinophils involved in?
eliminating parasites
86
can macrophages phagocytose?
YES
87
what do macrophages tell our immune system?
how to fight the infection
88
what are dendritic cells?
specialized macrophages
89
who do the dendritic cells talk to?
the specific immune system, specifically B & T cells
90
what is opsonization
process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and eliminated by a phagocyte
91
what do interferons work on and what do they do to them?
all virus's, slow down genetics of the cell
92
inflammation is what kind of defense?
innate
93
what is inflammation (whats physically happening)
vasodialtion
94
what happens to your vessels when you have a fever
vasocontriction
95
what is fever caused by?
pyrogens!
96
what are 2 reasons your body generates a fever?
some pathogens don't do well in heat
| immune system works better in higher temps
97
what 2 things are associated with our primary immune system? (specific immunity)
bone marrow, thymus
98
what 2 things are associated with our secondary immune system? (specific immunity)
lymph nodes, spleen
99
what 3 roles do non-specific immunity play
- prevent infection
- contain infection until immunity can clear it
- present antigens (dendritic, machrtophages) to the specific immune system
100
what is our 3rd line of defense?
antigens
101
what are antigens?
a piece of the pathogen that the specific immune system can recognize
102
where do B lymphocytes arise and mature?
in bone marrow
103
what cell makes antibodies?
b cells
104
antibodies AKA
immunoglobulins
105
what are 4 functions of antibodies
- neutralize, prevent virus from doing anything
- opsonization, bind to bacteria and target it for phagocytosis
- agglutination, clumps the pathogen
- compliment, an antibody can kill bacteria directly
106
whats the first B cell made?
IgM
107
can IgM cross the placenta?
NOOOOO
108
what do IgM cells do?
starts compliment
109
what is the most abundant and soluble B cell?
IgG
110
which B cell do we not know the function of?
IgD
111
what to IgA cells do?
it goes into harsh environments and resists degradation
112
what do IgE cells do and what's it related to?
binds to mast cells and related to allergies
113
where do T cells mature
thymus
114
what do T cells make?
antibodies
115
where are T cells made?
bone marrow
116
what do T cells release?
cytokines
117
how many antigens can the T cell receptor recognize?
just one, chase, just one!
118
what do helper T cells do? (2 things)
activate B cells and tell b cells which antibody to make
119
what do cytotoxic t cells do?
tell our cells to kill themselves (its infected)
120
in immunity memory, how long is the initial response?
7-14 days
121
in immunity memory, how long is the memory response?
2-6 days
122
which type of vaccine is best?
attenuated live vaccines
123
whats an inactivated vaccine?
dead virus, second best
124
what is a subunit vaccine
uses just a piece of the virus
125
what is a toxoid virus?
uses a piece of the toxin, chemically or thermally modified
126
what kind of disease is pertussis
bacterial
127
why are infants at risk for pertussis
their immunity isnt completely there yet
128
why dont we give the TB vaccine in america?
its expensive and then everyone would show positive and require a chest xray
129
endotoxins AKA
lipid A
130
what are 2 types of toxins?
endotoxins and exotoxins
131
what are fomites
inanimate objects that are inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts
132
examples of fomites (3)
needles, toothbrushes, medical equipment
133
what are reservoirs of infections
sites where pathogens are maintained
134
what are 3 types of reservoirs
animals, humans, and nonliving reservoirs
135
what is resident flora (4)
- permanent residence
- do not produce disease
- normal
- maintains balance
136
what is transient flora (3 plus one example)
- temporary
- not normally in the body
- not always bad
- like bacteria in yogurt
137
what is mutualism
both organisms benifit
138
what is commensalism
one organism benefits, the other is not effected
139
what is neutralism
not a true relationship
140
what is microbial antagonism
production of bacteriocides, what happens with normal flora
141
what is parasitism
one organisms benefits at the others expense
142
whats an example of a lichen
fungus, algae
143
what 4 sites are void of microorganisms naturally
- blood
- lymph
- spinal fluid
- internal tissues and organs
