Exam 4 Flashcards by Anthony Cuellar

The mammalian respiratory system is divided into an upper respiratory tract and a lower respiratory tract. Which of the following organs constitute the “upper respiratory tract”?

mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi

a. 1,2,and 3 are correct
b. 2 and 3 are correct
c. 4 and 5 are correct
d. 1,2,3,4, and 5 are correct
e. 1 through 6 are correct

d. 1,2,3,4, and 5 are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During an asthma attack:

a. bronchioles smooth muscle contract which reduces the diameter of these airways resulting in increase airway resistance
b. histamine is released during this allergic reaction
c. bronchioles smooth muscle dilate which increases the diameter of these airways resulting in decrease in airway resistance
d. both a and b
e. both b and c

d. both a and b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ alveolar cells are responsible for secreting a substance called surfactant.

a. Type I
b. Type II
c. macrophages
d. all of the above

b. Type II

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

a. less than the pressure in the atmosphere
b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
c. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
d. none of the above

b. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The term “compliance” refers to:

a. the cohesion of respiratory and muscular tissue
b. the required air volume that must be forced into the lungs during inspiration
c. the ease with which the lungs expand
d. defaulted breathing which is characteristic of asthmatic individuals
e. reflex breathing due to respiratory hiccupping

c. the ease with which the lungs expand

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When hydrogen ions bind to hemoglobin, they alter the 3-dimensional shape of hemoglobin and thereby decreases its oxygen-carrying capacity or oxygen splits more readily from hemoglobin. This is referred to as:

a. hydrogen shift
b. bohr effect
c. hemoglobin transfer
d. chloride shift

b. bohr effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A condition in which newborn infants lungs collapse because of the lack of surfactant is called:

a. respiratory distress syndrome
b. glassy-lung disease
c. hyaline membrane disease
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

a. respiratory distress syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intrapleural pressure equals:

a. 754mmHg
b. 755mmHg
c. 756mmHg
d. 757mmHg

c. 756mmHg

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following correctly describes mechanisms of carbon dioxide transport?

a. 23% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma
b. 7% of carbon dioxide is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
c. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion
d. Carbonic anhydrase is responsible for binding carbon dioxide to hemoglobin

c. The majority of the carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When the inspiratory muscles contract:

a. the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in diameter
b. the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in length/height
c. the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased
d. both a and b

c. the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mr. Johnson was rushed into an emergency room after receiving a knife wound in the left side of his thorax. Preliminary testing procedures indicated that his lung collapsed and he was suffering from severe shortness of breath. A possible diagnosis of his condition is:

a. pneumothorax
b. pneumonia
c. respiratory distress syndrome
d. anemia
e. none of the above

a. pneumothorax

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If the lung elastance decreases, then:

a. stretchability of the lungs will be decreased
b. inspiration requires more energy
c. expiration will become an active process rather than passive
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the tissues, when the carbon dioxide molecules enter the red blood cells, the carbonic anhydrase reaction yields:

a. CO2
b. H2O
c. HCO3-
d. ATP

c. HCO3-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of:

a. increased lung compliance
b. decreased elastance
c. increased airway resistance
d. decreased intrapleural pressure

c. increased airway resistance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The principal inspiratory muscles are:

a. external intercostals and the diaphragm
b. internal intercostals and the thoracic wall
c. diaphragm and the thoracic wall
d. pleural muscles and the diaphragm
e. internal intercostals and the diaphragm

a. external intercostals and the diaphragm

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most inspired irritants such as dust would cause activation of the _________ nervous system which results in __________.

a. sympathetic; bronchoconstriction
b. sympathetic; bronchodilation
c. parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction
d. parasympathetic; bronchodilation

c. parasympathetic; bronchoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the carbon dioxide transport mechanisms, most of the bicarbonate ion in the blood is carried in the:

a. plasma
b. red blood cell
c. carbaminohemoglobin
d. all of the above

b. red blood cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Surfactant is a:

a. carbohydrate
b. phospholipid
c. lipoprotein
d. nucleic acid

c. lipoprotein`

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) The presence of respiratory pigments (= metalloproteins) leads to an increased PO2 gradient at the respiratory surface

a. True
b. False

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from the hemoglobin

a. True
b. False

b. False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) An increase in the BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) levels in the blood decreases hemoglobin’s affinity for O2, enhance O2 unloading from the blood. This effect will shift the O2 equilibrium curve to the right.

a. True
b. False

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) Epinephrine causes bronchoconstriction

a. True
b. False

b. False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) Respiratory pigments described as having a high P50 have a high affinity of hemoglobin.

a. True
b. False

b. False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) Carbon dioxide can directly reduce the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin

a. True
b. False

a. True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T or F) Chronic inhalation of asbestos reduces lung compliance a. True b. False

a. True

(T or F) Breathing in mammals requires the activity of somatic motor neurons a. True b. False

a. True

(T or F) The peripheral chemoreceptors fire only when PO2 starts to fall below the level required to fully saturate hemoglobin, which in most animals occurs only during pronounced hypoxia a. True b. False

a. True

(T or F) High levels of CO2 in the alveoli cause bronchodilation. This negative feedback loop helps to keep alveolar PCO2 within a set range. a. True b. False

a. True

(T or F) In individuals with emphysema the lung is easier to inflate but it's elastance is low. a. True b. False

b. False

(T or F) Oxygenated hemoglobin releases hydrogen ions. This reduces pH and shifts the CO2-bicarbonate chemical reaction to the right, reducing the amount of bicarbonate ion in the blood, and reducing the total amount of CO2 that can be carried. a. True b. False

b. False

(T or F) Activation of parasympathetic nervous system causes dry-mouth response, a response often induced in humans under stressful conditions such as public speaking a. True b. False

b. False

The kidney has two layers: outer _______ and an inner ________.

cortex; medulla

Parallel cone shaped segments is called

renal pyramids

The process by which the urine is expelled from the bladder is called?

micturition

(T or F) Blood flow through the kidneys is much greater than that to muscles during heavy exercise. a. True b. False

a. True

The kidney processes ________ of blood per kilogram each minute.

4 liters

The four processes involved in urine formation are?

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion

The functional unit of the kidney is the?

Nephron

Nephrons are composed of two elements are?

renal tubule and associated vasculature

The main element of the nephron vasculature is the?

Glomerulus

Glomerulus does what?

a twisted ball of capillaries that delivers fluids to the tubule

___________ is the mouth of the tubule, a cuplike expansion that surrounds the glomerulus.

Bowman's capsule

The special regions of the tubule are?

proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule

(T or F) The vasculature of the nephron is central to nephron function, delivering the fluids that become the primary urine and governing the nature of the interstitial fluids that surround the tubule. a. True b. False

a. True

What artery feeds blood into the kidney?

Renal artery

The efferent arterioles flow into ______ _______ beds that wrap around the tubules.

peritubular capillary

In juxtamedullary nephrons, the efferent arterioles diverge into the _____ ______, long, straight vessels that run along the loop of Henle.

vasa recta

Nephron function depends on what?

The processing of a blood filtrate as it passes through the renal tubule.

Where does filtration occur in the kidney?

Glomerulus

The glomerular capillaries are _______

fenestrated

A specialized type of epithelial cell called a ________ covers the outer surface of the capillary

podocyte

(T or F) The podocyte attaches to the basement membrane, a filamentous extracellular matrix produced by the capillary cells. The gap between the foot processes, about 18nm wide, is a filtration slit. a. True b. False

b. False ; 14nm

What cells wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus?

mesangial cells

(T or F) Dilation of the mesangial cells restricts blood flow to specific vessels within the capillary network, regulating blood pressure within the glomerulus to control filtration. a. True b. False

b. False ; Contraction (not dilation)

The filtrate, or _______ ______, is essentially isosmotic to blood.

primary urine

Like most epithelial cells, the _______ ______ (facing the lumen) and ________ ______ (facing the interstitium) have specialized profiles of transporters.

apical membranes; basolateral membranes

(T or F) Recovery of a substances from the lumen of the tubule requires a combination of favorable electrochemical gradients and transport capacities. a. True b. False

a. True

Some hydrophobic solutes cross the tubular epithelium by what?

passive transport

(T of F) As water is removed from the primary urine, concentration gradients are created that can drive hydrophobic solutes back to the blood. a. True b. False

a. True

Larger molecules in the filtrate, such as small proteins, can be recovered by ________.

transcytosis

(T or F) Most molecules, however, are not reabsorbed through a combination of facilitated diffusion and active transport, both primary and secondary. a. True b. False

b. False ; they are reabsorbed

The major driving force underlying the transport is the ________________ found in the basolateral membrane.

Na+/K+ ATPase

What transporter allows the cell to import glucose from the lumen?

Na+ -glucose cotransporter

The capacity for solute recovery is known as the?

renal threshold

Secretion is similar to reabsorption in that is uses _______ found in the cells that line the lumen.

transporters

The most important secretory products are what?

K+, NH4+, and H+

Secretion depends on _______ proteins and requires ________.

transport; energy

(T or F) The proximal tubule can be simple, straight tube or take a path with many convolutions; for this reason it is sometimes called the proximal convoluted tubule. a. True b. False

a. True

The cells of the proximal tubule are tall _______ ______ _____, with abundant mitochondria and microvilli.

cuboidal epithelial cells

The first part of the descending limb of the loop of Henle is composed of ______ _____ ____, much like the proximal tubule.

cuboidal epithelial cells

Proximal tubule are gradually replaced with the _______ _______ ______ cells.

flatter squamous epithelial

(T or F) Thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb have distinctions that are made because the differences in cell shape coincide with distinctions in transport properties. a. True b. False

a. True

The _______ _______ is specialized for transport, and it is the region where most solute and water reabsorption occurs.

proximal tubule

The _______ _______ is also the site of secretion of organic anions, organic cations, and water-soluble toxins, including pharmaceutical agents.

proximal tubule

What is the region of the tubule that is specialized to transport water, but it is not a major site of transport for solutes?

loop of Henle

As a result of various transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes, there is a net movement of _____ and ____ from the primary urine to the interstitial fluid.

Na+ ; Cl-

On the apical membrane, the _______ transporter mediates uptake of Na+, K+, and Cl- into the cell.

NKCC

This region of the tubule is an important site for hormone-mediated regulation of uptake of solutes and water. What is it?

distal tubule

The distal tubule is an important site for recovery of _______, under conditions where ______ recovery is required.

water; water

The ____ _____ is also the main site of secretion of K+ into the tubule

distal tubule

The principle cells of the collecting ducts secrete ______ and reabsorb _____, similar to those found in the distal tubule.

K+ ; Na+

The intercalated cells are able to secrete _____ or _____, depending on the acid-base status of the animal.

H+ ; HCO3-

(T or F) As with the distal tubule, the collecting ducts are important targets of regulatory changes in ion and water movements, including hormone-responsive pathways. a. True b. False

a. True

Regulation of kidney function begins with the filtration process at the ________.

glomerulus

The ______ ______ _____ (GFR) is the amount of filtrate produced per minute.

glomerular filtration rate

The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is controlled primarily by factors that affect the net glomerular filtration pressure. How does it do this?

By balancing the forces acting on the fluids on either side of the filter.

What are the 3 main forces that determine net glomerular filtration pressure.

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure, and the net oncotic pressure.

The process of filtration therefore depends on what?

cardiac output, the systemic blood pressure, and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteries.

(T or F) In a typical mammalian kidney, the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular interstitial fluid is about 18mmHg. a. True b. False

b. False ; 15mmHg

What hydrostatic pressure gradient drives fluid through the filter?

45mmHg of pressure

The osmotic pressure that arises because of the protein concentration gradient is known as the what?

Oncotic pressure

(T or F) The oncotic pressure is about 30mmHg in opposition of filtration. In a typical mammalian kidney, the net glomerular filtration pressure is about 15mmHg (60mmHg - 15mmHg - 30mmHg). a. True b. False

a. True

Exam 4 Flashcards

(92 cards)