Exam 4

Question 1

How important is sleep considered to be?

Answer 1

vital

Question 2

Daytime symptoms due to lack of sleep

Answer 2

Inattentiveness, severe cognitive disturbances, excessive daytime sleepiness, and sleep attacks

Question 3

Substance that diminishes fatigued by opposing adenosine’s regulation of the sleep drive

Answer 3

Caffeine

Question 4

Type of patients whose sleep/wake switch won’t turn on in the morning

Answer 4

Phase delayed

Question 5

Type of patients whose sleep/wake switch won’t turn off at night

Answer 5

Phase advanced

Question 6

Type of half-life of sleep inducing hypnotics given for chronic use

Answer 6

Optimized half-lives with rapid onset

Question 7

The best chronic treatment for chronic insomnia

Answer 7

Z drug (eszopiclone)

Question 8

The receptors at which hypnotics

Answer 8

GABAa

Question 9

Side effects of antihistamines

Answer 9

Blurred vision, constipation, memory problems, dry mouth, and hangover affects

Question 10

The antagonist of adenosine that promotes the DA

Answer 10

Caffeine

Question 11

What acts on slow-wave sleep by promoting wakefulness

Answer 11

GHB

Question 12

AD capital HD symptoms resulting from abnormalities in which brain area?

Answer 12

Prefrontal cortex

Question 13

The formation of what contributes to ADHD’s onset and pathophysiology?

Answer 13

Synapses

Question 14

What declines in ADHD by adolescents and adulthood?

Answer 14

Hyperactivity

Question 15

What behavior drops in adolescence with ADHD?

Answer 15

Stimulant use

Question 16

The type of release that increases signal strength output in ADHD

Answer 16

Dialing up the release of both DA & NE until they reach their desired levels

Question 17

Condition that leads to deposition of amyloid plaques in AD

Answer 17

Toxic AB peptides are forming

Question 18

Classification for the first stage of AD

Answer 18

Preclinical

Question 19

Genotype that speeds up the time to dementia in second stage of AD patients

Answer 19

E4 genotype

Question 20

Type of neuronal cell lost in AD that correlates with MRI measures

Answer 20

Atrophy

Question 21

Short-term memory disturbances of AD is caused by degeneration of what?

Answer 21

Cholinergic neurons

Question 22

Plaques and tangles cause a steady leak of what in AD?

Answer 22

Glutamate

Question 23

Type of processing that underpins the neurobiological drive associated with impulsivity and compulsivity

Answer 23

Bottom-up systems

Question 24

Internal trait associated with initial drug use

Answer 24

Impulsivity

Question 25

Brain system activated when drugs of abuse or taken frequently

Answer 25

The "habit" system

Question 26

The fastest way to deliver drugs to the brain

Answer 26

To smoke those that are compatible with this route of administration

Question 27

The reward circuit receptors on which nicotine acts

Answer 27

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 28

The classic drug for treating alcoholism

Answer 28

Disulfiram

Question 29

Behavioral outcomes associated with opioids

Answer 29

Euphoria, profound sense of tranquility, drowsiness, apathy, slowed motor movements

Question 30

Synapses at which hallucinogens act

Answer 30

Serotonin synapses

Question 31

Behaviors related to OCD

Answer 31

Compulsions (such as checking and cleaning) and excessive inflexible behaviors are carried out in order to neutralize anxiety or distress caused by particular obsessions

Question 32

What orexin and melatonin neurons regulate

Answer 32

Sleep/wake cycle

Question 33

Different neurotransmitters in the brain activated when the sleep/wake switch is on or off

Answer 33

On: histamine is released Off: GABA is released

Question 34

What regulates wakefulness?

Answer 34

Histamine

Question 35

Primary insomnia can lead to what?

Answer 35

A first major depressive episode

Question 36

Why are benzodiazepines considered second-line agents for treating sleep disorders?

Answer 36

Because they can cause long-term problems

Question 37

Seratonergic hypnotic used to induce sleep

Answer 37

Trazodone

Question 38

A deficiency in what causes lower restorative sleep?

Answer 38

Slow-wave sleep

Question 39

Three symptoms by which ADHD is characterized by

Answer 39

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 40

Attentional and executive function problems are caused by dysregulation of the tuning of what?

Answer 40

Prefrontal cortex

Question 41

The major genes linked to ADHD are linked to which neurotransmitter?

Answer 41

Dopamine

Question 42

Biggest difference between child and adult cases of ADHD

Answer 42

1/2 children are diagnosed, but only 1/5 of adults are diagnosed

Question 43

Most important symptom to treat first in ADHD

Answer 43

Substance abuse

Question 44

What does amyloid cascade hypothesis of AD begin with?

Answer 44

An APP this is abnormal in the way it is processed

Question 45

Difference between good ApoE and bad ApoE

Answer 45

- good ApoE prevents AD | - bad ApoE causes amyloid plaque to form, leading to AD

Question 46

Functions with diminished ability during the second stage of AD

Answer 46

Remembering names, find the word, remember where objects are located, and concentrate

Question 47

A main biomarker for AD

Answer 47

Neurodegeneration

Question 48

Definitions of impulsivity and compulsivity

Answer 48

- impulsivity is the inability to stop initiating actions | - compulsivity is the inability to terminate actions

Question 49

Patients with what smoke more than 50% of all cigarettes

Answer 49

Current psychological disorder

Question 50

Most addicting substance known

Answer 50

Nicotine

Question 51

The system that releases dopamine after marijuana is ingested

Answer 51

Mesolimbic reward system

Question 52

Main symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 52

Impulsivity and compulsivity

Question 53

Orexin-containing and melatonin-sensitive neurons regulate

Answer 53

Sleep/wake cycle

Question 54

In AD, it is often _____ associated with memory loss that helps make the diagnosis clinically

Answer 54

The other symptoms

Question 55

According to chapter 14, many disorders considered to be neurodevelopmental have ______ as symptom dimension

Answer 55

Compulsivity