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crimnal > exam 4-6 > Flashcards

exam 4-6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a theory?

A

A set of interrelated ideas that describe, explain, and predict social phenomena.

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2
Q

How can theories be tested?

A

Theories can be tested using hypotheses.

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3
Q

What is research?

A

A standardized, systematic search for knowledge.

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4
Q

What is interdisciplinary theory?

A

Integrates multiple viewpoints to explain complex issues (e.g., crime and violence).

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5
Q

What is deviance?

A

Violation of social norms based on specific circumstances.

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6
Q

What is criminal behavior?

A

Deviant behavior that becomes law, codified by a legislative body.

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7
Q

What are examples of criminal behavior?

A

Murder, robbery, assault, theft.

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8
Q

What are examples of non-deviant behavior?

A

Speeding, using a cell phone while driving.

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9
Q

What is the individualistic orientation in crime?

A

People freely choose to engage in crime.

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10
Q

What does crime prevention rely on?

A

Swift, certain, and severe punishment.

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11
Q

What factors influence criminal decision-making?

A

Benefits and consequences (past experiences, rewards, and gains).

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12
Q

What is general deterrence?

A

Fear of punishment prevents crime.

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13
Q

What is the crime control perspective?

A

Harsh punishment removes legal roadblocks.

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14
Q

What social factors contribute to crime?

A

Poverty, unemployment, group dynamics.

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15
Q

What leads to crime in communities?

A

Disorganized communities with conflicting values.

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16
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

Concentrated poverty that leads to cynicism, distrust, and helplessness.

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17
Q

What are key factors in social disorganization theory?

A

Poverty, residential mobility, racial heterogeneity lead to crime and delinquency.

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18
Q

What is collective efficacy?

A

Community’s ability to maintain order through mutual trust, supervision of children, and social control.

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19
Q

What are the forms of social control?

A

Informal (family influence), institutional (schools, churches), public (law enforcement).

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20
Q

What does strain theory propose?

A

Deviance arises when people lack legitimate means to achieve societal goals.

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21
Q

What is labeling theory?

A

Crime as a social construct: People become criminals when labeled as such.

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22
Q

What is victimology?

A

Study of victims, personal life events, and decision-making processes.

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23
Q

What is victim precipitation?

A

The victim’s role in provoking crime.

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24
Q

What is active precipitation?

A

Victims provoke or initiate the crime.

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25
What is passive precipitation?
Victim’s characteristics unintentionally encourage the attacker.
26
What are the six categories of victims according to Mendelsohn?
Innocent Victim, Victim with Minor Guilt, Voluntary Victim, Victim More Guilty, Victim Alone Guilty, Imaginary Victim.
27
What is the Just World Hypothesis?
People believe victims 'deserve' what happens to them.
28
What problems arise from the Just World Hypothesis?
Assumes people can change their environment, implies only 'innocent' victims are real victims, creates a false sense of security.
29
What is routine activities theory?
Crime occurs when three factors align: Motivated Offender, Suitable Target, Lack of Guardian.
30
What is lifestyle theory?
Everyday activities increase or decrease victimization risk.
31
What was the 1970s grassroots movement?
Advocated for victim support in the criminal justice system.
32
What is the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA)?
Created the Crime Victims Fund in 1984.
33
What are common reasons victims don’t report crimes?
Embarrassment, belief that nothing can be done, perception that the crime is minor or personal, fear of retaliation.
34
What characterized early police in Britain?
Offenders pursued by mobs, not uniformed, limited in number, little training,unlimited discretion
35
Who founded the first organized police department?
Sir Robert Peel in 1829.
36
What was the role of sheriffs in colonial America?
Kept peace and fought crime.
37
What was the role of slave patrols?
Protected white interests, caught runaway slaves, prevented uprisings.
38
What characterized the early police agencies during the Political Era?
Political, primitive, little training, no law education, minimal supervision.
39
who enacted the Wickersham Commision to study CJ in 1929
President Herbert Hoover
40
What was the focus of the community problem-solving era?
Improved police-community relationships.
41
What are the three levels of policing?
Federal, State, Local.
42
What are examples of federal law enforcement agencies?
FBI, DEA, ATF, DHS, U.S. Marshals.
43
What is the role of local police agencies?
Enforces state laws and local ordinances, focuses on crime prevention.
44
What is the role of state law enforcement?
Each state operates its own police agency.
45
What are random patrols?
Officers cruise streets randomly to create a visible police presence.
46
What are directed patrols?
Targets specific areas of a city.
47
What is community policing?
Better partnerships between police and neighborhoods.
48
whats typology?
Classifies deviant behavior based on goal access
49
whats Innocent Victim?
Random, un-precipitated crime.
50
Victim with Minor Guilt
Unintentionally places themselves in harm's way.
51
Voluntary Victim
Participates in crime (e.g., drug deal gone wrong).
52
Victim More Guilty
Initiates the crime but loses control.
53
Victim Alone Guilty
Solely responsible for their victimization
54
Imaginary Victim
Fabricates victimization.
55
what was a type of police in rural areas and what did they do
Slave patrols,capturing runaways and disiplining slaves
56
what is the chain of command in order from top to bottom?
Chief of police, Deputy chief, Assistant Chief, Captain, Lieutenant, Swrgeant, Detective, Patrol Officers
57
What is order maintenance policing(broken windows theory)?
Order maintenance policing is a police practice that involves managing minor offenses and acts of physical and social disorder to address community problems.
58
what fraction of the population in Hunstville are inmates?
1/3
59
what year did the supreme court delcare the death penalty as cruel and unusual and under what amendment?
in 1972(8th amendment)
60
when did texas go from electric chair to lethal injection?
1962
61
what percent of all executions has Texas accounted for in the US
35%

crimnal (3 decks)

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