Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Prevent entry of pathogen into growing area
A
Exclusion
2
Q
Prevent contact between pathogen and host
A
Avoidance/Evasion
3
Q
Reduce pathogen population
A
Eradication
4
Q
Prevent infection by means of toxicant or barrier
A
Protection
5
Q
Increase host resistance to the pathogen
A
Resistance (Immunization)
6
Q
Cure plants that are already infected
A
Therapy
7
Q
6 Principles of Disease Control
A
Exclusion Avoidance/Evasion Eradication Protection Resistance (Immunization) Therapy
8
Q
What 2 disease control principles interrupt attachment?
A
Protection, Avoidance
9
Q
What 3 disease control principles interrupt penetration?
A
Avoidance, Protection, Resistance
10
Q
What disease control principle interrupts infection?
A
Resistance
11
Q
What 2 disease control principles interrupt colonization?
A
Resistance, Therapy
12
Q
What disease control principle interrupts survival/
A
Eradication
13
Q
What 2 disease control principles interrupt dissemination?
A
Exclusion, Eradication
14
Q
What disease control principle interrupts inoculation?
A
Avoidance
15
Q
What is the impact of reducing initial inoculum in a polycyclic disease?
A
Rate/time drive the equation so inoculum doesn’t matter (exponential)
16
Q
Manipulation of the growing system
A
Cultural control
17
Q
3 characteristics of cultural control
A
Create an environment less favorable to disease development
Reduce pathogen load
Prevent/inhibit spread of organisms
18
Q
4 Cultural Control Tactics
A
Ground preparation
Seed and Planting
Irrigation Practices
Site Management
19
Q
Which cultural control tactic involves tillage, bedding, mulching, cover cropping, and solarization?
A
Ground preparation
20
Q
Which cultural control tactic involves seed selection, seed treatment, planting date?
A
Seed and planting
21
Q
Which cultural control tactic involves type, placement, and timing?
A
Irrigation practices
22
Q
Which cultural control tactic involves eradication of alternate hosts, biodiversity islands?
A
Site management
23
Q
3 elements of regulatory control (pathogen exclusion)?
A
Quarantine
Inspection
Destruction
24
Q
Careful selection of propagation material (“Pathogen-free seed”) and seed certifications are examples of…
A
pathogen avoidance
25
Crops grown when/where no other crops of the same species are planted
Crop isolation
26
Crop grown when and where climatic conditions favor the host more than pathogen
Crop suitable to climate
27
What is the goal of pathogen eradication?
Reduction of inoculum
28
7 methods of pathogen eradication
```
Sanitation
Host eradication
Crop rotation
Irrigation and drainage
Soil sterilization and solarization
Propagation material treatments
Vector control
```
29
Which eradication method targets infected plant material, infested soil, and laborers and tools?
Sanitation
30
Which host is eradicated when infected plants and volunteers are destroyed?
Primary host
31
In regards to host eradication, rusts are what kind of host?
Alternate
32
Eradicating secondary inoculum hosts and overwintering hosts are examples of what kind of hosts?
Alternative
33
In regards to host eradication, ______ include fields, cull piles, and manure.
Volunteers
34
4 concerns with host eradication
Labor
Cost
Politics
Efficacy
35
Why is alternating crops an effective method of disease control?
Different pathogens, airborne vs. soilborne, soil survivors vs. soil inhabitants
36
4 things to consider regarding irrigation
Manner
Timing
Frequency
Water Source
37
3 methods of drainage
Slope
Raised beds
Drainage systems
38
What is used for soil sterilization?
Steam, fumigant
39
What is used for solarization?
Field with plastic and sunlight
40
How is hot water used for seed treatment as a propagation method?
48-52 C, 20-30 minutes
41
What are 3 factors involved with propagation material treatments?
Risk of plant damage
Labor
Equipment and safety
42
4 methods of vector control
Exclusion
Sticky traps
Reflective mulch
Chemical & biological controls
43
Vector control ____ ____, but does not ____ ____ ____ _____.
Reduces disease; break the disease cycle
44
3 methods of host "immunization"
Optimizing plant health
Breeding for resistance
Chemical & biological
45
Which chemical control product has an irreversible inhibition of the pathogen resulting in death or inactivation?
-cides
46
Which chemical control product has a reversible inhibition of the pathogen resulting in a slower or temporary halt of the growth?
-stats
47
Which chemical control kills all life?
Fumigant
48
What is the most common type of chemical control?
Contact (Protectant)
49
What type of chemical control is a chemical barrier on the surface of the plant and prevents penetration?
Conact (Protectant)
50
Contact (protectant) control does/does not move into or through host tissues.
Does not
51
Which 4 steps could a contact (protectant) control prevent?
Spore germination
Germ tube elongation
Penetration
Colony formation
52
Which type of chemical control involves an active ingredient moving through plant tissues?
Systemic, Pentrant
53
What type of penetrant spreads across the waxy surface?
Local penetrant
54
What type of penetrant moves through the leaf lamina?
Translaminar
55
What type of penetrant moves in water, between cells and via xylem in a generally upward direction?
Apoplastic
56
What type of penetrant moves from cell to cell and in phloem in a generally downward direction? (Rare)
Symplastic
57
What type of penetrant moves both in an upward and downward direction?
Amphimobile
58
Which systemic activity stops further development of early infections (usually less than 72 hrs)?
Curative
59
Which systemic activity reduces/halts sporulation from existing lesions?
Antisporulant
60
What are some problems with "coverage" chemical applications?
Spray pattern, canopy & boundary layer penetration, mechanical abrasion, rainfall, irrigation, UV, wind, tissue expansion (growth)
61
When the target pest is no longer controlled under normal application rates
Pesticide resistance
62
5 keys to resistance management
```
Reduce number of applications
Use early, before log phase
Alternate chemistries
Mix chemistries
Substitute or combine with non-chemical controls
```
63
What is the industry and government cooperative classifies fungicides into groups by mode of action?
FRAC
64
FRAC Code
| 9 groups, by metabolic process inhibited
A-I
65
FRAC Code
| Plant defense inducers
P
66
```
FRAC Code
Unknown MOA (transient)
```
U
67
FRAC Code
| Multi-site inhibitors
M
68
Fungicide registration is based on which 3 things?
Toxicology
Persistence in environment
Persistence on/in food
69
What 3 ingredients are shown on a product label for chemical control products?
Active ingredient
Formulated product
Adjuvants
70
Which adjuvant improves spreading?
Surfactant
71
Which adjuvant improves adherence?
Sticker
72
What is the length of time after application before workers may reenter a site?
Restricted entry interval
73
What is the length of time required between final application and harvest?
Pre-harvest interval
74
What is required and recommended clothing and gear for chemical safety?
Personal protective equipment
75
Which type of inorganic chemical is phytotoxic at high rates or in cool wet weather? It also has poor solubility.
Copper (Bordeaux mixture)
76
Which type of inorganic chemical is phytotoxic in hot, dry weather or in some combination with other products (oils, etc)?
Sulfur
77
4 examples of inorganic chemicals
Copper
Sulfur
Carbonate
Phosphate/phosphonate
78
Two types of organic chemicals
Contact protective
| Systemic
79
Antibiotics are only effective _____ ____ ______.
Before pathogen penetration
80
Antibiotics are primarily used for which two pathogens?
Fire blight, bacterial spot of peach
81
Which type of chemical control is broad spectrum, and therefore used to kill nematodes, insects, fungi, bacteria, weed seeds and many other things?
Soil fumigants
82
Using one or more living organisms to reduce disease caused by a pathogenic organism
Biological control
83
How does biological control reduce disease? (4)
Decrease pathogen population (inoculum)
Prevent pathogen from reaching infection court
Prevent infection of the host
Activate host defenses to slow or halt colonization
84
3 advantages to biological control
Environmental concerns
Durability
Cost?
85
What was one of the first methods of biological control?
Cats for pest control, Egypt 2000 BC
86
Insect predation was used in China in 324 BC for what?
Weaver ants for citrus insect pest control
87
Insect parasitism was used in the US in 1883 how?
Parasitic wasp imported from Europe to control cabbageworm
88
Fungal biocontrol was used in the US in 1884 how?
First release of mass produced fungi for control of weevil in sugar beet
89
Bacterial control was used in 1938 how?
First commercial preparation of B. thuringiensis
90
Progression of Biocontrol (5)
Animal Predation --> Insect predation --> Insect parasitism --> Fungi --> Bacteria
91
4 ways biocontrol agents work
Predation/parasitism
Competition
Antibiosis
Indirect effects
92
Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism uses the target organism as food?
Predation/parasitism
93
Trichoderma harzianum uses appressoria to prey on other fungi (sclerotinia). What MOA is this?
Predation/parastism
94
Coniothyrium minitans eats sclerotia hyphae and replaces it with its own. What MOA is this?
Predation/parasitism
95
Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism out-competes the target organism for a limited resource?
Competition
96
What 3 resources are commonly targets for competition?
Space
Nutrients
Water
97
How does Pseudomonas fluorescens function in competition?
Siderophore, chelates/binds iron tightly so other organisms cannot access it
98
Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism produces a substance that inhibits the target organism?
Antibiosis
99
Which mode of action is when the biocontrol organism has an effect on another organism or on the environment which results in control of the target organism?
Indirect effects
100
3 ways indirect effects work
Induced resistance in a host
Modulation of pH
Interference with signaling
101
3 types of biological control application
Classical
Augmentative
Conservation
102
What type of biological control application is characterized by the target pest/pathogen is introduced (non-native), search for natural enemies in the target's native range, import and test control organism, and release control organism?
Classical
103
What type of biological control application is characterized by the target pathogen/pest is native or introduced, natural enemies are native, biocontrol agent is grown elsewhere and introduced to the system?
Augmentative biocontrol
104
Type of augmentative biocontrol in which small numbers of the agent are released
Inoculative
105
Type of augmentative biocontrol in which large numbers of the agent are released
Inundative
106
What type of biological control application includes cultural techniques used to enhance populations of indigenous control agents?
Conservation biocontrol
107
What does it take to be a good biocontrol agent? (6)
```
Easy to grow
Easy to store
Specific to your problem organism
Adapted to the site of use
Competes well with other organisms
Active at the same time as the target
```
108
Which problem with biocontrol is when the biocontrol agent is effective against target pest/pathogen, but also effective against non-target organisms?
Lack of specificity
109
Which problem with biocontrol is when the agent survives well, but is active at the same time? It can also be when a biocontrol fungus doesn't survive or compete well in the same place as the target organism.
Poorly adapted to site of use
110
Efficacy of biocontrol depends on which 4 factors?
Environmental factors
Presence of food source
Presence of competitors
Presence of predators/parasites
111
Which problem with biocontrol involves living organisms vs. chemicals, formulations, and storage requirements?
Shelf life
112
Which problem with biocontrol involves use of fungicides and interactions among biocontrols?
Interactions with other controls
113
Which problem with biocontrol includes the "silver bullet" problem and IPM?
User expectations
114
What are the 6 problems with biocontrol?
```
Lack of specificity
Poorly adapted to site of use
Variability in efficacy
Shelf life
Interactions with other controls
User expectations
```
115
What pathogenic control method integrates cultural, biological, and chemical control techniques?
IPM
116
IPM recognizes...
Pest & disease problems cannot be eliminated but may be managed.
117
The point at which loss from damage exceeds cost of control
Economic injury level
118
IPM decisions are based on ____ ____ ____.
Economic injury level
119
3 goals of IPM
Manage disease, pest, and weed problems
Achieve control with lowest possible inputs
Achieve control with least possible impact on environment
120
7 examples of IPM control measures
```
Planting material selection
Site selection and preparation
Planting date
Crop nutrition and irrigation
Sanitation
Monitoring
Judicious use of chemical controls
```
121
Applications of chemicals made only when certain criteria are met is known as an
action threshold
122
Action thresholds rely on which two things?
Monitoring, knowledge base
123
Efficacy of monitoring for IPM...(2)
When curative treatments are available
| When spread of pathogen can be halted
124
In IPM monitoring, when preventative controls are available but not curative or pathogens spread rapidly
Sentinel plots
125
___ ____ track progress of disease on the landscape level.
Sentinel plots
126
IPM or Non-IPM?
Applications of pesticide based on the disease triangle
IPM
127
IPM or Non-IPM?
Applications of pesticide based on a schedule
Non-IPM
128
4 Advantages of IPM
Can reduce cost of inputs
Can reduce environmental impacts of farming
Can reduce worker risk exposure
Can encourage more sustainable practices
129
What are two cases in which IPM may be necessary?
No effective chemical controls
| Repeated chemical applications are cost-prohibitive
130
2 problems with IPM
Requires extensive knowledge of pathogen biology and epidemiology
May involve increased labor
131
How does IPM affect chemical control?
Reduced chemical applications can increase resistance development
