Exam 4 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
cultural diffusion
A
the spreading out of various aspects of a peoples culture
2
Q
environmental determinism
A
belief that human cultures or behaviors can be explained entirely as a result of the effects of the physical environment
3
Q
cultural ecology
A
the study of the ways societies adapt to environments
4
Q
possibilism
A
theory proposed by french geographers as antidote to environmental determinism.
It insists that the physical environment itself will neither suggest nor determine what people can profitably achieve
5
Q
folk culture
A
a culture that preserves traditions.
Bound by distinctive religion, national background, or language, and they resist to change.
6
Q
popular culture
A
the culture of people who embrace innovation and conform to changing norms
7
Q
Fig 6-8 Coke or Pop or Soda
A
People say “coke” in South
“Soda” in the New England area and West coast
“pop” in northern half of the country
8
Q
culture groups
A
may include a great number of shared characteristics or just a few
9
Q
ethnic groups
A
“ethnicity” used to describe a cultural or subcultural group. Depends on an attribute of biology, culture, allegiance, or historic background.
10
Q
ethnic enclaves
A
urban, and increasingly suburban, neighborhoods with a high concentration of a particular ethnic group.
(Chinatown, Little Italy)
11
Q
culture region
A
is defined by a relatively continuous presence of one or a set of cultural traits
12
Q
visual clues to cultural areas
A
language of posted signs, the clothing the local people are wearing, and the goods available in local shops, building materials, architecture, and settlement patterns are all visible manifestations of cultures.
13
Q
settlement patterns
A
The designs of settlements reflect cultural differences, and a trained observer can see the layout of the whole towns and cities cultural backgrounds of the builders.
14
Q
Fig. 7-2 (USA & Latin America)
A
Languages in South America(Countries that don't speak Spanish): Suriname-Dutch Guyana-English Brazil-Portuguese Peru-Spanish & Quechua Bolivia-Spanish, Aymara, Quechua Paraguay-Spanish, Guarani
Haiti-French
15
Q
toponymy
A
The study of place names
16
Q
subsistence agriculture
A
agriculture to feed oneself and family-was typically part of a communal agricultural system that traded foods locally or nearby
17
Q
commercial agriculture
A
growing food and raising animal products for sale
18
Q
swidden
A
shifting cultivation, slash & burn, small scale, subsistent. Manioc (tapioca)
19
Q
value added by manufacturing
A
The difference between the value of a raw material and the value of a product manufactured from that raw material
20
Q
genetically modified (GM)
A
scientists introduce a recombinant DNA into another organism, thus permanently changing the genetic makeup of that organism and all its descendants
21
Q
hinterland
A
the surrounding region to which any city provides services, and upon which it draws for its needs
22
Q
incorporation
A
the process of defining a city territory and establishing a government
23
Q
primate cities
A
one large city that concentrates a high degree of the entire national population or of national political, intellectual, or economic life. (paris, Bangkok)
24
Q
urbanization
A
the process of concentration populations in cities
25
urban geography
the geographic study of cities:
1. The functions of cities and their economic role in organizing territory
2. Urbanization as it occurred in the past and as it is continuing in different countries today.
3. The internal geography of cities- the internal distribution of housing, industry, commerce, and other aspects of urban life across different cultures.
26
central place theory
idea that each city, town, village, serves its hinterland as the central place to do business, defined as a market area
27
central business district (CBD)
the core of the city. concentrates office buildings and retail shops
28
concentric zone model
uses the idea of the CBD where people work and after work have easy access to market places for shopping
29
sector model
H. Hoyt. Assumes that high-rent residential areas expand outward from the city center along new transportation routes. Middle class housing clusters around high-rent housing, and low-income housing lies adjacent to the areas of industry and associated transportation.
30
multiple nuclei model
many different centers lie surrounding the CBD
31
peripheral sector model
radial and circumferential highways continue to draw activities out of the central city and to disperse them around the region.
32
segregation
residential clustering as a result of discrimination
33
zoning
Restricting or prescribing the use to which parcels of land may be put
34
eminent domain
private land that the government has the right to take but must pay compensation
35
Fig. 10-23 Latin American model
CBD with spine leading out. Wealthy live on spine
36
MSA (metropolitan statistical area)
an integrated economic and social unit with a recognized large population nucleus
37
spatial mismatch hypothesis
the hypothesis that central city unemployment is caused by the removal of job opportunity to the suburbs and the concentration of the poor in the central city
38
cultural landscapes
The human legacy on the land
cultural traits
cultural fossils
39
surnames
indicators of culture
| show distinct cultural group
40
language
the essence of culture
| "culture is the epoxy of society"
41
England used to be called..?
Albion (The white cliffs of Dover)
42
Albion's Seed 1989
Book by DH Fischer that was about 4 groups that came to US from England.
1692-1775
Protestant, English Language, English Legal System
43
Puritans
```
Massachusetts, Middle Class
Yeoman, Artisans, Merchants
high literacy, education important
capecod houses, setteled in towns & hamlets
upright and wing houses
16 presidents
90% English born in NewEngland in 1790
Chemlsford, Sudbury, Framingham
```
44
Quakers
```
SE Pennsylvania, Middle Class
Welcomed other groups, but no out of group marriages
Women had significant roles
Prudish, "eat to live, not live to eat"
No slavery, Few presidents
Mason-Dixon Line
Lancaster, York, Liverpool
```
45
Cavaliers (royalists)
```
coastal Virginia, middle to upper class
Brought indentured servants, started slavery
Created plantations in tidewater
Dispersed settlement, many presidents
Banished Quakers and Puritans
Male=predator, female=breeders
Fried food. Byrd, Carter, Diggs, Lee
```
46
Backcountry Folk (Border Folk)
```
WV and KY, Hill people, 1717-1775
Scotch-Irish, N Ireland, Shotgun houses
Looked down upon, poverty stricken
Stubborn, prideful, belligerent
Protestant, Made whiskey (bourbon)
Cornbread, potatoes, clabber
gender inequality, women tough and hard working. Bridal abduction, warrior ethic
Red Dog Run, Durham, Dog Hallow
```
47
Blue laws
laws against liquor
48
1st immigrants from NW Europe
Germany, England, Denmark, Ireland
49
1850 Percent of people living in lower half of MI
NY-52%
OH-5.7%
VT-4.3%
50
Highest foreign born counties in 1910 in MI
Detroit, Thumb area, and Upper Peninsula
51
Germans
```
recruited by the english, protestants
NY, chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee
1820-1978 = 7 million.
1920 quota, 17% US has german ancestry
Settled on coast of MI for economic advancement
```
52
German Legacy
Agriculture, engineering, brewing
53
Dutch
settled in W Michigan
windmill, tulips, wood shoes
in 1910, MI had most dutch born people in US
54
Upper Peninsula
large % of Finland, Italians, Irish, and Polish
in 1910, more finland born in MI than any other state
settled up here because they needed jobs and land ( mining, lumbering)
55
Amish 1683
```
hex signs on barns
mainly in OH, IN, and PA
looking for farmland
Lancaster County, PA (SE PA)
live in SE michigan too
Bird in hand, climax, intercourse, blue balls
```
56
Amish Cultural Landscape
rural-land based, Agricultural
Crafts, house styles, horses, buggies
No electricity
57
Native Americans
<1%, most in W USA
58
Treaty with Delaware 1778
Nathaniel Bacon
59
Walking Purchase 1737
Penn and Lenapes
E Pennsylvania
How far to walk in 1.5 days, 3 men ran 66 miles
60
Indian Removal Act 1830
move them across Mississippi River
61
Federal Recognition
577 Federally recognized tribes
| membership criteria
62
Tribal Trust Land Reservations
Sovereign Nation, Title belongs to gov't
No state jurisdiction, tribe has jurisdiction
major crimes=US jurisdiction
minor crimes=tribal jurisdiction
63
Dawes Allotment Act
1891-1934
Divided reservation lands to individuals
lost alot of land because of this act
1924-1st year US gov't declared Native Americans as citizens of the US
64
Navajo Homeland
SW US. Dene Bekayah
The number 4 is sacred
Where UT, CO,AZ, and NV intersect
4 sacred mountains-area circled by these is considered sacred homeland
Colorado River is sacred, San Juan, Rio Grande, and Little Colorado River
Hopi indian reservation is inside theirs
Navajo code talkers in WWII
65
MI Native Americans
```
People of 3 fires:
Odawa
Ojibwa
Potawatomi
Coastal villages
12 Federally recognized tribes
```
66
Greenville Treaty 1795
1st to affect Native Americans in MI
6 miles in land then six miles up to lake st clair
Got access to Detroit from Indians
67
Isabella Reservation
CMU
68
tribal casinos
22
69
Native American Trails
Many modern roads follow these lines
| 96
70
Ogemaw Earthworms
in ogemaw county
71
Sanilac Petroglyphs
In sanilac County
| Big rocks with carvings on the rocks
72
Geography of Southern Slavery
1619-1865
9% of slaves to US
Brasil biggest importer
Richmond VA and Charleston SC-two import cities
73
92 % of black people were slaves in.....
1790
| "africans did not become slaves because they were black, but because they were black they were enslaved"
74
Importation of slaves from africa prohibited.....
1808
75
slavery abolished in North....
1804
76
Southern Social Classes
Planters-owned many slaves, money, controlled gov't, cavaliers
Yeoman-white, no slaves, small farms
Poor Whites-owned very little
Free Blacks-carpenters, did trade stuff
77
Southerners on blacks
liked blacks as individuals but disliked the race
78
Northerners on blacks
liked the race but disliked individuals
79
slaves values in 1860
800$ per slave
4 million slaves total
3.2 billion dollar market
80
states slave % in 1860
SC-57%
Mississippi-55%
LA-47%
81
% families owning slaves 1860
MS-47%
SC-46%
GA-37%
AL-35%
82
Black surnames
from slave owners
83
HBCU
Historically Black college university
84
rural south identification
strong identification w/ county in the South
85
Robertson County, NC
1/3 Native American, 1/3 White, 1/3 Black
86
Cass County, MI
rural black settlement 1850-2013
looking for freedom and land
1850-came to work for quakers. Part of underground railroad
Slaves from KY, VA, MD came here
Calvin TWP-1968 black farmers owner 38% of land
87
Mecosta-Remus County, MI
Between Big rapids and Mt Pleasant
1860-Ohio free blacks moved here for land and they were close to border states and they wanted to move away.
3rd Saturday of August=Huge Party
Wheatland church of Christ
88
James Guy
1861-Logger in Mecosta-Remus, 160 acres
89
Lake County: A rural Playground
1940-1965: Died out after civil rights
| Idlewild
90
Agriculture Uses
Food, Fiber, Fuel
91
Foodways
The cultural and socioeconomic practices that relates to production and consumption of food
92
World food Production
65% of all food crops in the world
| Corn, Rice, Wheat, Potatoes
93
USA Historical Foods
```
Pork
Corn( but wanted to make wheat)
Mostly homegrown
caused seasonal diets
difficult to preserve food
```
94
Primary activity
Primary producer of raw materials gets lowest pay
95
disposable income in USA
10% of our income now goes to food
96
Growing season
```
# of days between last frost in spring and 1st frost of the fall
East Lansing-150
Below 37th Parallel=200 days
```
97
Capital investment by farmers
alot of money to buy equipment and build silos
98
Land Costs per acre for farming
Mi-$4000
CA-$9000
NJ-$9800
99
MI land value/sq ft
9 cents
100
farmland sizes
increase from east to west
101
Von Thunen Location Theory
As distance from market increases, the profit decreases
102
MI Diversity in Crops ranking
MI is 2nd most diverse behind CA.
| Dairy is what MI is known for
103
Dairy Farming
MI is #8.
Holstein is #1 dairy producing cow in MI
Has 4 stomachs, eats forage and water, produces calf and milk. Milk them 305 days a year. 24,000 lbs a year
104
Fresh Milk products
Cheese, cream, ice cream
105
Pasteurization of milk
heat to destroy bacteria
106
homogenization of milk
push milk through press and break up butter fat layer
107
whole milk
>3.25% butter fat
108
MI Greenhouses
grow flowers
| MI is number 1 in the USA
109
Corn
even # of rows, climats specific, 153 bu./acre
hybrid seed corn
20%-human food
ethanol, 80%-animal food
110
The Diva of Agriculture
grapes, impact of climate change
| Leelanau Peninsula, Old Mission Peninsula-tremendous grape and wine production
111
soybeans
cashcrop in michigan, used for animal feed
112
crops MI is known for
Dry beans, Green beans, Asparagus(mason, Oscella), Celery (Histosoles, KZoo), sugar beets (pioneer sugar), Mint (1 county in MI), Potatoes (75% to chips), Blueberries, Cherries
113
Potatoes
most widely grown crop
114
Lake effect
keeps climate cold in spring/winter, and warm in the fall
115
Hogs
1lb/7lb of grain
116
Michigan Agriculture
2nd largest industry in MI
| 1 farmer can feed 126 people
117
comparative advantage
whats best crop based off land, soil, and climate
| produce that which generates the most money
118
Chicago Board of Trade (CBT)
Determines price of food in the US
119
USA major crops
#1 exporter in corn
120
Old cotton belt
now is the major chicken producer
New Chicken Belt
1 lb/4 lbs of grain
121
prairie cereal farming (wheat)
USA is #1 exporter
Two types:
Spring Wheat-in Montana and N Dakota. Planted in the spring and harvested in the fall
Winter Wheat-Kansas and Okahoma. Plant in fall, dormant all winter, harvested in the summer.
122
ogalla aquifer
land of underground rain
123
Mediterranean Agriculture
Hot/dry summers, cool/wet winters
Crops for human
Central Valley of California
124
Central Valley of California
A desert in disguise
Most prolific food producing region in the world
most stuff grown here is consumed by humans
all crops grown are irrigated
430 different crops grown in CA, and CA leads country in 68 of them
125
Top 3 products of CA
Milk
Almonds
Grapes
126
USA Agriculture Production Top 3 States
California (human consumption)
Iowa (animal consumption)
Texas
127
Ranching
```
Hereford and Angus
takes place in <500 mm rain/yr (W US)
Takes place on federally owned land
Low value, cheap land
Ranches are large in size
1lb/ 15 lb of grain
```
128
How does rancher make money?
Has cows that graze and make babies
| Sells baby to feed lot at 500 lb
129
South America Agriculture
takes place in the pampas, the cerrado
| correlates to population pattern
130
South America Crops
```
Corn-Brasil (3), Argentina
Wheat- Brasil, Argentina (13)
Beef Cattle-Argentina
Grapes/wine-Argentina (8)
Orange Juice- Brasi (1), soybean- (2)
coffee-brasil (1), cashews, bananas
Flowers- colombia (2)
sugar cane-Brasi(1), alcool=ethanol from sugar cane
```
131
sequence of farming in SA
deforestation, lumber, ranching, soybeans
132
brasil is #1 in producing..
OJ, Sugar, Chickens, coffee
133
Mediterranean Agriculture in SA
Middle chile,
Advantages-Mountains in E, ocean in W, Desert in N, cold wet and rainy to S.
Grapes-chile is #10
blueberries
134
Top 4 populous cities in US
NY, LA, Chicago, houston
135
Designated market place
in or near major city so people go there to get food
136
MI gov't units
charter township, General law Township, village, city
137
General Law Twp
```
1847 Law
25% MI Population
less than 2000 people
1,105 in Michigan, mostly rural
local gov't, assess property tax, elections
```
138
Villages
Politically part of General Law Twp
3% of MI populaiton
256 in MI
Provide Basic service, elections,1x1 mile,pay village and twp taxes
139
Cities
51% of Population, 277 in MI
8 have >100,000 people
incorporated, provide services, can annex territory around it
140
8 cities in MI >100,000
Ann Arbor, Flint, Lansing, Grand Rapids, Livonia, Warren, Sterling Heights, Detroit
141
Detroit
139 sq miles. Hamtramck and Highland Park are two cities inside detroit
1950- detroits peak population of 1.8 million
142
jobsprawl
jabs are found 10 miles from the city
Detroit is #1, Chicago, Atlanta
Money in the suburbs
12 auto assembly plants, and only 2 are in detroit
143
Urban home $$ Value
house+land+location(neighborhood)
144
owner occupied cities in MI
Warren and Livonia
145
Bloomfield hills
highest median household income in MI
146
charter townships
```
1947 law "suburbs"
26% of population
137 (near big city), suburban and urban
more than 2000 population
higher tax rate, provide services
15 around oakland
```
147
Charter Twp and General law twp
have 58% of property value in MI
148
Detroit water department
53 communities drink this water
| 50% of all people in MI drink this water
149
Internal structure of city
irregular (Boston)
Most have grid/rectangular patterns
some circles (south)
150
New York City
```
Largest, segregated communities
5 Boroughs:
Brooklyn-2.6 mil
Queens-2.2 mil
Manhattan-1.6 mil
Bronx-1.4 mil
Staten Island-.5 mil
```
151
Las Vegas:
```
31st largest city, limited by water
Hoover Dam (water diminishing yearly)
Casinos-on strip (122 &150 hotels)
Wedding Chapels on strip, cheap food
sin city beer, sensual ent., 30 licensed brothels.
```
152
brothel requirements
11 of 17 counties in Nevada Allow it
pop above 400,000 cant have it
along highway, not allowed in Reno or Las Vegas
153
South American Urbanization
rapidly happening, rural to urban migration, rural to urban dichotomy, 34 cities with over 1 million people in them. Brazil has 14/34 of these cities
154
Largest SA Cities
Sau Paulo-11 million
Lima-9 milion
Bogota (colombia)-9 million
155
% pop in two largest cities of Uruguay, Chile, Peru, and Argentina
Uruguay-96%
Chile-91
Peru-91
Argentina-90
156
9 de Julvo Ave
widest street in the world. 28 lanes wide
157
casa Rosada
pink house where president stays
158
copacabana
beach in brazil that is like las vegas
159
Favelas
Barrios where poor live
