Exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Heterotroph
A
organisms that feed on other organisms
2
Q
Name the 3 animal diets
A
1) herbivores - feed on plants
2) carnivores - feed on other animals
3) omnivores - feed on plants and animals
3
Q
Describe the 4 stages of food processing
A
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination
4
Q
Mechanical vs Chemical digestion
A
Mechanical mainly takes place in the stomach with churning of food while chemical mainly takes place in the small intestine
5
Q
How does hydrolysis relate to digestion?
A
I relates to the removal of water. Water is removed from food in the large intestine
6
Q
Hydrolases
A
They break down food into monomers
7
Q
What is the importance of digestive compartments?
A
Allows chemical digestion to be contained safely
8
Q
What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and a digestive tube?
A
A gastrovascular cavity is a simple pouch hwere foods are digested where a digestive tract contains many organs used to digest food
9
Q
Alimentary canal
A
Path food takes from the mouth to the anus in which food is ingested….digested…absorbed….and removed as waste
10
Q
Which organs are part of the alimentary canal?
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
11
Q
Which are the accesory organs?
A
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
12
Q
Functions of the oral cavity
A
For ingestion and first steps of digestion
13
Q
What organs does the pharynx connect to?
A
The esophagus and the stomach
14
Q
What is the difference between the esophagus and the trachea?
A
The esophagus leads to the stomach and the trachea leads to windpipe
15
Q
Function of epiglottis
A
closes the windpipe entrance when swallowing food
16
Q
What is the composition and function of the esophagus?
A
A muscular tube which made up of smooth muscle which contracts to move food to the stomach
17
Q
Perisalsis concept
A
muscle contraction which moves food down the esophagus to the stomach
18
Q
What happens in the stomach?
A
chemical and mechanical digestion but mainly mechanical
19
Q
Gastric Juice
A
secreted by stomach lining to help break down food
20
Q
Acid Chyme and releases them
A
Food which has been churned into a thick soup
21
Q
Gastric ulcers
A
erosions in the stomach lining caused by bacteria
22
Q
Describe function of the small intestine and its 3 parts
A
Its main function is for chemical digestion and the 3 parts are:
1) duodenum (digestion)
2) jejunum (absorption)
3) ileum (absorption)
23
Q
Decribe villi and microvilli
A
Tiny hair like structures found on the small intestinal wall which aid in absorption of food molecules
24
Q
Regarding digestion…what are the funtions of the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder?
A
The pancreas and liver secretes chemicals which aid in the breakdown of food while the gall bladder stores those secretions and releases them when needed
25
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine?
1) colon
2) rectum
3) anus
26
Describe what food acts as
Food acts as fuel energy for cellular functions and as building materials to make needed components
27
Definition of calorie
The amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree C.........used to measure energy stored and energy expended
28
Essential Nutrients
substances required by the body which it cannot make own its own
29
Vitamins
Organic substances required in the diet
30
Minerals
Inorganic substances required in the diet
31
Malnutrition
Deficiency of one or more essential nutrients in the diet
32
Undernutrition
Lack of fuel energy
| Inadequate intake of calories
33
Obesity
Excessive weight compared to height
34
Function of circulatory systems
To facilitate the exchange of materials and distribute chemicals in the body
35
Components of the circulatory system
1) Central Pump (heart)
2) Vascular System (blood vessels)
3) Circulating Fluid
36
Open vs.Closed circulatory system
Closed: Blood remians confined to blood vessels
Open: Blood can leave from the blood vessels
37
Systole
Heart contraction / Ventricles contract first
38
Diastole
Heart rest
39
Natural pacemaker concept
The SA node is considered the heart's natural pacemake producing electrical impulses
40
Interstitial fluid
Fluid found in between cells
41
Describe the cirulatory circuits in humans
1) Pulmonary Circuit: Blood pumps from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
2) Systemic Circuit: Blood pums from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart
42
Oxygenated blood vs Deoxygenaed blood
Oxygenated blood is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide.
Deoxygenated blood is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide
43
What type of muscle is the heart made of?
Involuntary cardiac muscle
44
Describe the chambers in the heart
There are four chambers. Right and left atria and right and left ventricles
45
Which side pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit and which to the systemic circuit
Right side to the pulmonary circuit and the left side to the systemic circuit
46
Artificial pacemaker concept
Helps the heart artificially maintain a normal rhytthm
47
Describe arteries, veins, and capillaries and how they are different
Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Veins carry blood towards the heart and contain one way valves so blood flows in only one direction
Capillaries allow for exchange between the blood and cells
48
Blood Pressure
Force that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels
49
Pulse
The rythmic stretching of the ateries cause by pressure of blood
50
Hypertension
Another name for high blood pressure
51
What causes blood to flow to the capillary beds?
Blood pressure
52
What happens at the capillaries?
CO2 and waste diffuse from tissue cells into capillary bloodstream while bloodpressure pushes oxygen and nutrients into the interstitial fluid to diffuse into the cells
53
What causes blood to return to the heart from the capillary beds?
Blood returns to the heart via the veins due to low pressure. Veins have valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards. Muscles contract to squeeze blood along
54
What are the components of blood?
Plasma and cellular elements
55
How much of the blood is plasma?
Just over half
56
What are the cellular elements of blood?
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
57
What are the scientific names for red and white blood cells and platelets?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
58
What determines an individuals blood type?
Carbohydrates containing molecules on the surface of red blood cells determine the blood type
59
What do red blood cells do for the body and how is hemoglobin involved?
Red blood cells transport oxygen by using hemoglobin
60
Clotting process
> Platelets release molecules that convert fibrinogen into fibrin...which ultimately forms a dense network of threadlike protein into a patch
61
What percentage of fatalities in the USA is caused by cardivascular disease?
40%
62
Heart attack definition and cause
Death of heart muscle cells cause by blocked artery
63
Atherosclerosis
Disease of the atreries where they gradually become blocked with plaque of cholesterol
64
Anemia
Caused by iron deficiency and involves low amounts of hemoglobin or red blood cells
65
Pathogens
Microorganisms that cause disease
66
Signature molecules concept
All cells have a signature to identify them from foreign cells
67
Describe the 3 lines of defense of the body
1) External (non-specific) > hair, skin, tears
| 2) Innate Immunity (non-specific)
68
Non specific versus specific defense
Non specific defense involves the body attacking any and all foreign invaders while specific defense involes attacking a specific type of invader
69
What are some physical and chemical exterior barriers?
Physical: hair in nostrils, mucous, skin, cilia
Chemical: tears, saliva, sweat
70
Describe chemical and chemical components of the innate immune system
White blood caells and defensive proteins
71
Leukocyte
white blood cells
72
What is the function of macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells?
To attack microbes directly and impede their reproduction
73
Describe complement proteins
They work to complement the work of the white blood cells to destroy attckers. They develop holes in membranes of foreign cells. they act as markers to identify foreign cells, and they recruit neutrophils
74
Interferon
a non specific defense against viruses which is released by the virus infected cell
75
Describe the inflammatory response
It is a non specific response to tissue damage. Redness and swelling occurs from increased blood flow to the area and leaky capillaries
76
Describe the lymphatic system
It controls the adaptive immune system and returns tissue fluids back to the circulatory system. Organs involved are:
tonsils, spleen, thymus, appendix
77
Describe adaptive immune system
The 3rd line of defense where the body resists spcific invaders utilizing specialized cells
78
Antigens
Foreign substances that bring about an immune response
79
Antibodies
Proteins found in blood plasma that attach to a particular type of antigen
80
Immunity
resistence to specific invaders typically aquired by natural infection
81
Active vs Passive immunity
active involves stimulating the body to defend itself while passive immunity is aquired by receiving pre-made antibodies
82
Vaccination purpose
Trigger the immune system
83
Lymphocytes
They are a specific type of white blood cell found mostly in the lymphatic system. Produce adaptive immune response
84
B cells vs T cells
B cells develop in bone marrow while T cells mature in the thymus. Most active in the adaptive immune system
85
Humoral immune response vs Cell mediated immune response
Humoral > B cells secrete antibodies
| Cell mediate > T cells circulate in the blood and lymph and attck infected cells
86
Types of B cells
Memory > Long lived cells with instructions to make a specific antibody
Plasma / Effector > B cells that live for about 2 weeks and secrete large amounts of a specific antibody
87
How do antibodies function?
They bind to certain antigens
88
Clonal Selection
The immune system selects which antibodies it needs to mass produce
89
Primary immune response vs secondary immune response
Primary takes several days to produce plasma cells but afterwards the secondary immune response is produced when the same antigen is encountered again. This happens faster because of the increased presence of memory cells
90
Types of T cells
T cells respond to pathogens already in the body. Helper T cells bind to other white blood cells that previously encountered an antigen
Killer T cells actually kill other cells.
91
Define allergies
Abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the immune system
92
Define allergin
Antigens that cause allergies
93
What is epinephrine?
Counteracts allergic reaction
94
Autoimmune disease
The body's own immune system turns against itself
95
Immunodeficiency
Immune components are lacking
96
Leukemia
Cancer of the white blood cells. Higher than normal white blood cells which are non functional
97
AIDS
Attacks T cells
98
Endocrine system function
Internal chemical communication regulation.
99
Hormones
Regulatory chemicals made by the endocrine glands which affect specific sites or tissues in the body
100
How are hormones transported through the body?
The bloodstream
101
Target Cell
The cell efeected by the hormone
102
Hydrophilic hormone vs hydrophobic hormone
Hydrophilic hormones cannot pass thru the plasma membrane while hydrophobic hormans can pass through the plasma membrane
103
Which organs are present in the endocrine system?
hypothalamus is the master organ, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glans, pancreas, ovaries, testies
104
Hypothalmus (location and function)
It is the main control center of the endocrine system located in the brain
105
Anterior vs posteriorpituitary gland
Also found in brain. Anterior synthesizes its own hormones.Also secretes growth hormone
Posterior stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalmus
106
Growth Hormone
Produced in the anterior pituitary and targets bones and muscles
107
Consequences of too much or too little growth hormone
Too much during childhood results in gigantism
Too much in adulthood results in acromegaly
Too little results in dwarfism
108
Thyroid gland function and location
Located in the neck. Controls oxygen consumption, metabolism, and development
109
Describe hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
Hyperthyroidism is over production of thyroid hormone and hypothyroidism is under production of thyroid hormone
110
Parathyroid gland function and location
Located on the back of the thyroid which produce a hormone that regulates calcium
111
Explain calcitonin vs parathyroid hormone
They have opposite effects that help regulate calcium. Parathyroid hormone causes bones to release calcium and calcitonin causes bones to store calcium. Both hormones are said to be antagonists
112
Pancreas (function and location
Manages the body's energy supplies. Located in the abdomen
113
Insulin vs glucogen
The source is the pancreas. They help maintain a balance of blood glucose and stored glucose
114
What causes diabetes and how are Type 1 and 2 different?
Caused when individuals cannot regulate their blood glucose levels.
Type 1 is when the production of insulin is absent or defective.
Type 2 is too little insulin or cells respond poorly
115
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Directly above each kidney
116
Adrenal cortex vs adrenal madulla
The adrenal cortex secrete hormones for a slower and long lasting response to stress
The adrenal madulla produces fight or flight hormones
117
What type of hormones do the gonads produce?
Sex hormones
118
Androgens
male sex hormones / stimulate the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
119
Estrogens
female sex hormones / maintain the female reproductive system and promotes the development of specific female features
120
Progestins
pregnancy hormones / prepares the uterus to support an embryo
121
What causes an embyo to develop into a male or a female?
Y or X chromosome
122
Puberty
Point hwere level of sex hormones increase
123
Gonadtropin
Produced by pituitary and coordinates development of sperm in males and regulates the reproductive cycle in females
124
Ovulation
Releasing of an egg
125
The female reproductive system is syncronized by hormones from where?
From the anterior pituitary and the ovaries
