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General Psychology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

study of continuity and change across the lifespan

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2
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg

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3
Q

Prenatal development

A

germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage

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4
Q

Germinal stage

A

2 week period that begins at conception

* cells are dividing

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5
Q

Embryonic stage

A

period that starts around the 2nd week after conception until 8th week
has arms, legs, beating heart

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6
Q

Fetal stage

A

lasts from the 9th week after conception until birth

has a skeleton and muscles, capable of movement

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7
Q

Teratogen

A

any substance that passes from mother to unborn child and imparts development
ex. lead in water

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8
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrom (FAS)

A

developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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9
Q

Infancy

A

stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18-24 months

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10
Q

Motor development

A

emergence of ability to execute physical actions

ex. reaching, grasping, crawling

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11
Q

Two general rules of behaviors

A

cephalocaudal rule

proximodistal rule

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12
Q

Cephalocaudal rule

A

top to bottom
tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
infants gain control of head first

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13
Q

Proximodistal rule

A

inside to outside
tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
infants learn to control their trunks before their elbows and knees

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14
Q

Cognitive development

A 
infants and children gain the ability to think and understand
four stages
sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
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15
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

begins at birth and lasts through infancy
infants are using their ability to sense and move to learn about the world
learning to control bodies and senses

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16
Q

Schemas

A

theories about the way the world works

infants do this by exploring the world with their eyes, mouths, and fingers

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

happens when infants apply their schemas to novel situations

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

infants revise their schemas in light of new information

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19
Q

Object permanence

A

fact that objects exist even when they are not visible

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20
Q

Childhood

A

period that begins at about 18 months to 24 months and lasts until about 11 or 14 years

* children enter childhood at the preoperational stage
* exit childhood at concrete operational stage
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21
Q

Preoperational stage

A

stage of cognitive development 2-6 years old
children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world
learning about basic things

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22
Q

Conservation

A

notion that quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

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23
Q

Formal operational stage

A

final stage of cognitive development that begins around the age of 11
children learn to reason about abstract concepts
learn abstract thinking

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24
Q

Egocentrism

A

failure to understand that the world appears different to different people
preoperational stage

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25
Q

Theory of the mind

A

understanding the mind produces representations of the world and that these representations guide behavior

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26
Q

Human children have 3 things that allow them to learn from others

A

joint attention
imitation
social referencing

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27
Q

Joint attention

A

ability to focus on what another person is focused on

* I see what you see

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28
Q

Imitation

A

tendency to do what an adult does, or means to do

* I do what you do

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29
Q

Social referencing

A

ability to use another person’s reactions as information about how we should think
* I think what you think

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30
Q

Attachment

A

emotional bond with a primary caregiver

* secure attachment
* avoidant attachment
* ambivalent attachment
* disorganized attachment
* attachment style shapes who the child will become
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31
Q

Temperate

A

characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity

* determines what the child’s attachment style is

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32
Q

Internal working model of relationships

A

set of beliefs about the self, primary caregiver, and the relationship between them
* developed by infants and all interactions with caregiver

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33
Q

Children’s moral thinking tends to shift from

A
  • realism to relativism
  • prescriptions to principles
  • outcomes to intentions
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34
Q

Moral reasoning develops in 3 stages

A

preconventional stage
conventional stage
post conventional stage

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35
Q

Preconventional stage

A

morality of an action is determined by its consequences for the actor
“I only do what is right for me”

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36
Q

Conventional stage

A

morality of an action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
“black and white”

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37
Q

Postconventional stage

A

morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
“do whatever is right, whatever it is”

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38
Q

Adolescents

A

period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

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39
Q

Puberty

A

onset of bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
primary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics

40
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

body structures directly involved in reproduction

41
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

body structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly involved in reproduction

42
Q

Adulthood

A

stage of development 18-21 years and ends at death

43
Q

Personality

A

an individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feelings

44
Q

Four main approaches to understanding personality

A
  • trait-biological
  • psychodynamic
  • humanistic-existential
  • social-cognitive
45
Q

Self report

A

when people provide subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, typically via questionnaire or interview

46
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

well researched clinical questionnaire that is used to asses personality and psychological problems

47
Q

Projective tests

A

tests designed to reveal inner aspects of individuals’ personalities by analysis of they responses to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli

48
Q

Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

projective technique where respondents’ inner thoughts and feelings are believed to be revealed by analysis of their responses to a set of unstructured inkblots

49
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

projective technique where respondents’ underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world are believed to be revealed through analysis of the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

50
Q

Trait

A

relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

51
Q

Big Five - traits of the five-factor personality model

A

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
personalities remain fairly stable through their lifetime

52
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

an approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness - motives that can produce emotional disorders

53
Q

Structure of the mind

A

id
superego
ego

54
Q

Id

A

part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly sexual and aggressive drives

55
Q

Superego

A

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

56
Q

Ego

A

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands
regulating mechanism between id and superego

57
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses

58
Q

Psychosexual stages

A 
distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
59
Q

Oedipus conflict

A

developmental experience where a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite sex parent are usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent

60
Q

Fixation

A

can result from disruption of a sexual stage, a phenomenon where a person’s pleasure seeking drives become psychologically stuck at a particular psychosexual stage

61
Q

Humanistic-existential approach

A

emphasized a positive, optimistic view of human nature, highlights people’s good

62
Q

Self-actualizing tendency

A

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential
major factor in personality
the need to be good, to be fully alive, and to find meaning in life

63
Q

Existential approach

A

school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual’s death

64
Q

Social cognitive approach

A

views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

65
Q

Person-situation controversy

A

question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

66
Q

Personal constructs

A

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

67
Q

Outcome expectancies

A

a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior

68
Q

Locus of control

A

tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

69
Q

Self-concept

A

person’s explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics

70
Q

Self-verification

A

tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

71
Q

Self-esteem

A

the extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self

72
Q

Self-serving bias

A

people tend to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility of their failures

73
Q

Narcissism

A

grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

74
Q

Desire for self esteem

A

three key theories
social status
belonging
security

75
Q

People who share genes are

A

more likely to have similar personalities

76
Q

Difference in personality between genders can be due

A

sex hormones that start during puberty

77
Q

Extraverts pursue stimulation because their

A

reticular formation (part of the brain that regulates arousal or alertness) is not easily stimulated

78
Q

Freud believes the relative strength of interactions among the three systems of mind determines

A

an individual’s basic personality structure

79
Q

Mylenation

A

formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a neuron

80
Q

Rooting reflex

A

infants will move their mouths towards any object that touches their cheek

81
Q

Sucking reflex

A

infants will suck anything that enters their mouth

82
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

stage of cognitive development, begins at about 6 years and ends at 11
child learns how actions can transform the concrete objects of the physical world
learn conservation

83
Q

Preoperational children can’t grasp the notion of

A

conservation

84
Q

Children learn to solve physical problems at which stage?

A

concrete operational stage

85
Q

Children learn to solve nonphysical problems at which stage?

A

formal operational stage

86
Q

Primary caregiver

A

infant targets at about 6 months

whoever responds fastest to baby

87
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

younger adults are oriented towards the future and older adults are focused on the present

88
Q

Defense mechanisms

A 
repression
displacement
regression
rationalization
reaction formation
projection
identification
sublimation
(people are unaware that they are doing these things)
89
Q

Repression

A

repressing/burying bad experiences/memories

90
Q

Rationalization

A

making your thought process seem reasonable

ex. dropping calculus because of a bad teacher

91
Q

Reaction formation

A

being rude to someone you like

ex. boys teasing girls because they have a crush on them

92
Q

Projection

A

assigning your qualities to someone else

ex. saying someone is dishonest because you believe you are dishonest

93
Q

Regression

A

reverting to an immature or earlier stage of development

ex. talking like a baby

94
Q

Displacement

A

using things to get your anger out

ex. slamming a door, yelling at someone you’re not angry at

95
Q

Identification

A

dealing with feelings by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of someone who is more powerful
ex. someone who is bullied becomes a bully

96
Q

Sublimation

A

using a sport to get your anger out, a way that is socially acceptable

General Psychology (4 decks)

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