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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Types of Muscular Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal (voluntary and striated)
  2. Cardiac (involuntary and striated)
  3. Smooth (involuntary, non striated)
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2
Q

Functions of the Muscle

A 
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body position
Regulating organ volume
Moving substances throughout body
Producing heat
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3
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Voluntary and Striated (striped with actin and myosin)
Tendon- Fibrous connective tissue binding muscle to bone
Ligament- Fibrous connective tissue binding bone to bone

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4
Q

Anatomy of Muscle Cell

A

Sarcolemma- Muscle cell membrane
Actin Filaments- Thin protein filaments
Myosin Filaments- Thick protein filaments
Mitochondria- Production of energy for contraction (ATP)
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum- Releases Ca+ into sarcoplasm (store calcium, cytoplasm of muscle cell)
Transverse Tubules- Extend in from the sarcolemma (transport Ca+ to Sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Neurotransmitter Junction- Site where motor nerve end plate connects to muscle fibers

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5
Q

Physiology of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

A
  1. Synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine
  2. Acetylcholine binds with sarcolemma
  3. Acetylcholine travels through t-tubules to the interior of the cell
  4. Acetylcholine reaches sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes the release of stored Ca+ into sarcoplasm
  5. Ca+, ATP, O2 from myoglobin cause the muscle to contract
  6. Ca+ is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum causing muscle to relax (requires ATP) (secondary active transport –> swapping of Ca+ and Na+)
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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Involuntary and striated
Intercalated disk = allows cardiac muscle fibers to contract in coordinated fashion
Heart has its own internal pulse conduction system

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7
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Involuntary and non-striated
Visceral smooth muscle –> large sheets of cells (found in walls of internal organs)
Multi unit smooth muscle –> Discrete group of cells (found in walls of small blood vessels, air passages)

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8
Q

3 General Functions of Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
  3. Integrative
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9
Q

Nervous Tissue: Sensory

A

Senses change in external and internal environment
Called afferent nerves
Travels towards brain

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10
Q

Nervous Tissue: Motor

A

Allows for a response to happen
Called efferent nerves
Travels away from the brain

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11
Q

Nervous Tissue: Integrative

A

Decides if there needs to be a response, if yes –> triggers motor nerves
Called Interneurons

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12
Q

4 Parts of a Neuron

A

Dendrites (receive sensory info)
Nerve cell body (contains nucleus, mitochondria, ER)
Axon (surrounded by myelin sheath, provides insulation)
End plate (axon terminal, vesicles)

*Spaces in myelin sheath = nodes of ranvier

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13
Q

Depolarization

A
  • Carries the electrical impulse down the axon
  • Creates an action potential (changes cell membrane polarity)
  • Releases neurotransmitter into the synapse
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14
Q

2 Types of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Excitatory –> causes a response
    Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
    Skeletal muscle
  2. Inhibitory
    Gamma Amino-Butyric Acid
    Cardiac muscle
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15
Q

Process of Depolarization

A
  • 3 Na+ leak into cell, 2 K+ leak out of cell
  • Changes the resting membrane potential
  • This polarity charge travels down the axon to the end plate –> release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse
  • As charge travels down axon, the membrane must re-polarize to be allowed to depolarize at another time
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16
Q

Process of Repolarization

A

-Na+/K+ pumps 3 Na+ out and pumps 2 K+ in

17
Q

2 Things Must be Present for a Neuron to Function

A
  • Lots of 02 (simple diffusion carries O2 to neuron)

- Lots of Glucose (facilitated diffusion carries glucose to the neuron with help of Insulin

18
Q

1 Things that Must be Absent for a Neuron to Function

A

-No pressure (inflammation causes pressure, swelling inhibits diffusion)

19
Q

Misc. Facts about Neurons

A
  • Neurons hate RBCs (Fe+ will liquify a neuron, hematomas will destroy a neuron)
  • Neurons have a very low mitotic index (do not replicate)
  • CNS = brain and spinal cord
  • PNS= spinal nerves arising from spinal cord
20
Q

Neurological Cell

A

-Cells that protect and regulate the function of neural cells in the brain and spinal cord

  1. Oligoden Rocytes (produce the myelin sheath for CNS)
  2. Schwann Cells (Produce the myelin sheath for PNS)
  3. Astrocytes (“bouncers of the brain”, protect the brain, make up blood brain barrier)
  4. Microganglia (macrophage of CNS, get rid of waste, recycle things you no longer need)
  5. Ependymal Cells (cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulates from ventricles of the brain, should be acellular)

Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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