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Exercise Physiology > Exam 4 - Adaptations and CV and Gas Transport > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Adaptations and CV and Gas Transport Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What physiologic functions begin to take place as exercise is begun?

A

greater blood flow to muscles, increase delivery of oxygen, triglyceride utilization, buffering

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2
Q

what 2 factors effect oxygen delivery to tissue

A

amount of O2 taken out of a given amount of blood

amount of blood flowing through the tissue

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3
Q

what does the a-vo2 diff tell us

A

difference between the amount of oxygen in 100 mL of arterial blood entering a tissue and the amount of O2 in 100 mL of venous blood leaving a tissue

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4
Q

why does a-vo2diff increase during exercise?

A

oxygen is taken out of the blood

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5
Q

Fick equation

A

VO2=Q x (a-vo2diff)

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6
Q

myocardium receives how much of cardiac output

A

4%

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7
Q

cardiact output at rest and during exercise

A

rest - 5L

exercise - 25 L +

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8
Q

Extrinsic control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

adrenergic sympathetic neural stimulation

norepi - affects alpha receptors and causes vasoconstriction

epi - affects vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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9
Q

Intrinsic control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

muscle chemoreceptors - increase vasodilation (reflex)

autoregulation

  • triggers: CO2, lactate, K+
  • limited by adrenergic sympathetic stimulation
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10
Q

What factors cause an Increase Venous Return ?

A

venoconstriction, muscle pump, respiratory pump

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11
Q

Venoconstriction

A

at rest - veins - 65% of blood

sympathetic stimulation causing venoconstriction

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12
Q

Muscle pump

A

rhythmic contractions aid in venous return of blood to the heart
large veins - one way valves - milking

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13
Q

Respiratory pump

A

pressure gradient to move blood from abdomen to thoracic area - enhanced during exercise

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14
Q

Function of Respiratory system

A 
exchange gas, 
humidify, warm, filter air
increase vapor content
main body temp
filter air in nasal passage
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15
Q

where does gas exchange take place

A

alveoli

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16
Q

Airflow =

A

p1-p2/resistance

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17
Q

if diameter of air way is reduced by half then..

A

resistance increases 16x

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18
Q

pulmonary respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation and diffusion

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19
Q

cellular respiration

A

oxygen used in aerobic metabolism and production CO2

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20
Q

Dalton’s law states

A

total pressure of a gas mixture is equivalent to the sum of all the pressures of all the gases that compose the mixture

-each gas moves according own pressure gradient

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21
Q

Henry’s law states

A

amount of gas dissolved in any fluid depends on the temp, partial pressure, and solubility of the gas

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22
Q

% O2 in the air

A

21% or 20.9%

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23
Q

how much oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin

A

98%

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24
Q

oxygen dissolved in a liter of plasma

A

3 mL

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25
CO2 dissolved in blood
7-10%, rest is bound to Hb and in bicarbonate
26
hemoglobin made up of
protein and iron
27
how many O2 per Hb
4
28
1 g of Hg can bind
1.34 mL of O2
29
Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve
depicts the relationship between Hg saturation w/ Oxygen and the partial pressure of oxygen "lower partial pressure = less saturated" at rest = 75% of O2 bound exercse - 10% bound
30
how does an increase/decrease in temperature or acidity move the oxyhemoglobin curve
increase = to the right -more affinity for oxygen decrease = to the left -less affinity for oxygen
31
what is 2,3-DPG
byproduct of glycolysis | binds to Hg to ship oxyhemoglobin curve to the right, increasing oxygen delivery
32
what is anemia
decrease in rbc and or hg count in the blood
33
How is CO2 transported (%)
7-10% dissolved in plasma 20% bound to Hg 70% transported in bicarbonate
34
partial pressure of CO2 produced in tissue
very high
35
how is CO2 released at lungs
Hg has higher affinity for O2 at lungs + a low PCO2 | -
36
explain bicarbonate transport buffering
CO2 + water form bicarbonate which will dissociate into H+ and HCO3 (w/ help of carbonic anhydrase) this end product will diffuse out of RBC - Chloride ion moves in H+ will bind to Hg to buffer pH these reactions are reversible so CO2 can be formed at the lungs and expired following partial pressure gradient
37
Myoglobin can hold how many o2
1
38
Myoglobin has a steeper oxygen disassociation curve than Hg meaning...
100% saturated at a low PO2 | -releases oxygen at low levels
39
What controls respiratory
medulla oblongata, pons, chemoreceptors, carotid bodies, aortic arch, propioceptors, core temp,
40
central chemoreceptors
respond to change in CSF | sense change in H+ and pH (caused by changes in PCO2)
41
peripheral chemoreceptors
located in carotid bodies and aortic arch changes in PCO2 and H+ -stimulated by severe decreases
42
exercise and ventilation
increased gas exchange can only happen with increase blood flow
43
submax exerecise and ventilation (3 phases)
1.) start of exercise -Ve increases cause of the effect of motor cortex activity (proprioceptors, motor cortex) 2. ) Ve rises quickly to reach steady state - motor cortex, propioceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors 3.) fine-tuning of pulmonary ventilation during steady-state exercise takes place (peripheral, central)
44
pulmonary ventilation is primarily regulated by
PCO2
45
maximal exercise and ventilation
above lactate - increase in acidity - stimulates Ve,
46
RCP estimates
lactate threshold
47
when does VT occur
when Ve/VO2 is the only one increasing
48
when does RCP occur
when both Ve/Vo2 and Ve/CO2 are increasing
49
aerobic training guidelines
30 min a day - 5-6 times per week
50
basic components of aerobic training
type, duration, frequency, intensity
51
frequency of training (aerobic)
3-5 days per week 3 days = changes in VO2 >3 = changes in aerobic capacity
52
Aerobic exercise intensity
minimal - 55-65% max - 77-90% (of max HR)
53
HRR method
HRR = maxHR - HR at rest THR (70%VO2) = HR at rest +.7(HRR)
54
Perceived exertion
RPE Borg scale of 6-20
55
one MET =
rate of oxygen consumption at rest
56
Talk-sing test
can't talk - high intensity -will bring about changes in VO2 can sing - low
57
resistance training guidelines
type, volume, rest period, frequency, intensity
58
intensity (resistance training)
% of 1 RM
59
Interval duration
5-10sec to train ATP-PCr 30sec-2min - anaerobic glycolytic system >2min = train endurance
60
what glycolytic enzyme adaptations occur from training
GP (breakdown of IM glycogen to glucose) PFK - rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis LDH - converts pyruvate into lactate GP, PFK, LDH - increase w/ weight training, sprint training, endurance training
61
principles of hypertrophy
no increase in # of fibers - new myofibrils formed - size increase cross sectionally
62
myonuclei
produced by satellite cells that were exposed to mitogens - which caused them to replicate and thus make more myonuclei - which hold more DNA and thus more content (actin-myosin-mitochondria)
63
nuclear domain
area within the fiber that each myonucleus is responsible for
64
Neural adaptations to exercise
neural drive, autogenic inhibition, reduction of co-activation, synchronization
65
neural drive
measure of the combined motor unit within a muscle
66
Autogenic inhibition
counteracted - blocks inhibitory signals to muscle fibers
67
Co-activation
decreased - less activation of agonist and antagonist
68
purpose of cardiorespiratory system
transport O2 and CO2, wastes and nutrients regulate body temperature
69
2 main adjustments of blood flow during exercise
increased CO redistribution of blood flow
70
Oxygen consumption
use of O2 at the end of ETC
71
Factors that regulate CO
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume
72
Factors affecting Heart hrate
PS and sympathetic nerves
73
factors affection stroke volume
Contraction strength and EDV (Frank-starling stretch)
74
Adaptations to Anaerobic training
ATP-PCr, glycolytic system, buffering
75
ATP-PCr changes
increased PCr stores, increased speed of reaction (creatine kinase), faster ATP production, increased re-synthesis
76
Glycolytic system changes
increased speed of enzymes, increased lactate production, produce ATP faster
77
Buffering changes
ability to tolerate and remove lactate and H_ | -higher lactate levels found in anaerobiccaly trainned
78
Factors causing increased VO2 max from endurance training
SV(CO) and a-vo2 diff
79
what affects CO
Stroke volume
80
what affects stroke volume
preload (EDV), Contractility, total peripheral reistance (after load)
81
what affects EDV?
plasma volume, filling time and venous return (more time cuz lower heart rate), ventricular volume (mass increase+more blood)
82
what affects a-vo2 diff
``` muscle blood flow capillary density mitochondria increase in oxidative enzymes increase in NADH shuttling changing LDH type (muscle to heart) ```
83
explain glucose spairing
capillary density (slows blood flow) and more mitochondria (more enzymes) cause more utilization of free fattty acids
84
Adaptations to aerobic training (decreased lactic acid H+ )
``` increased blood flow to liver - gluconeogenesis, increased lactate removal (increased use of FFA, and increased uptake of pyruvate and NADH) increased mitochondria 2x shift to 2a increased Mg better NADH shuttles increased capillaries ```
85
specificity
muscle group, contraction intensity, velocity specificity, mode specificity
86
primary cause of first strength gains
nerual - 8-20 weeks
87
secondary cause of strengths gains
hypertrophy, after 20 weeks
88
explain the system by which protein synthesis is activated
``` PI3-K AKT mTor/p70 S6k Increase DNA activity myofiber protein synthesis ``` -stimulated by IGF-1, Mechanogrowth factor, IGF binding proteins, free testosterone, androstenedione (steroid precursor)
89
what is the difference between ventilation, capillary gas exchange, and gas diffusion
Ventilation is the movement of air as it comes in and out of the lungs. Diffusion is the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the blood and lungs. Capillary gas exchange is the switch of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues.
90
what is the bohr effect
The Bohr effect describes the effect of pH on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - A decreased pH shifts the curve to the right causing a lower oxygen count, - increased pH shifts the curve to the left, causing a higher oxygen count.

Exercise Physiology (1 decks)

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