Exam 4 (Bacterial Spirochetes) Flashcards by Tabatha O'Keefe

____ are defined as long, slender, coiled Gram- rods with fibrils and an outer sheath:

Spirochetes

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____ are flagella like organelles imparting mobility:

fibrils

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_____ generally cannot be grown outside culture as they are fastidious:

Treponema spp.

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_____lacks the ability to carry out Kreb’s cycle and components of oxidative phosphorylation, thus difficult to grow on artificial media, it allows the host to do many things for it:

Treponema spp.

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List the 3 subspecies of Treponema pallidum:

pallidum (STD syphilis)
pertenue (Yaws in children)
endemicum (non STD syphilis)

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This is the cause of Yaws in children:

Treponema pallidum pertenue

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Describe each stage of syphilis:

Primary: chanre 10-90 days after infection
Secondary: diffuse skin lesions, flu like sx
Tertiary: all tissues can be involved, including brain

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____ of untreated syphilis patients progress to the tertiary stage:

1/3

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What type of microscopy is used to examine skin lesions in Treponema pallidum:

dark-field

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___ is an antigen (antibody like agent) made in and by the human body when the organism T pallidum reacts with human tissue:

Reagin

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What do serology test kits detect in T pallidum:

Reagin

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The Tuskegee Experiment started in ___ and ended in ___:

1932

1972

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In this study, 400 black men with syphilis were enrolled, not informed of their syphilis dx, given free medical exams/meals/etc for their participation:

Tuskegee Experiment

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At the beginning of the Tuskegee Experiment there was no treatment for syphilis, but in ___ was found to be a cure in ____, yet the subjects were not informed of this cure:

Penicillin

1947

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Belmont Report:

Tuskegee Experiment

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Humans are the only reservoir in this disease that initially causes skin lesions and can progress to disfigurement of nose/bones/cartilage, thickening and cracking of palms, soles:

Treponema pallidum pertenue

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T/F
Yaws is transmitted person to person via cracks in the skin, is most common in tropical climates, and is treated with azithromycin:

True

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Sensu lato:

broad sense

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sensu stricto:

narrow sense

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There are ___ species within Borrellia burgdorferi sensu:

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The most important species in the Borrelia complex is ____ sensu stricto in the U.S. causing lyme disease via tick vector ____:

Borrelia burgdorferi

Ixodes

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____ is a new species discovered at Mayo clinic in 2013 and also causes Lyme disease in the US:

Borrelia mayonii

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What medium is used to culture Borrellia:

Modified Kelly’s medium

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Serology is the preferred method of detection for Lyme disease, including ____ and confirmation with ____:

ELISA

Western Blot

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What is the adult and child tx for Lyme disease:

Adult: doxy Child: amoxicillin

Gram- spirochete that has 3 stages, and is treated with doxy:

Borellia burgdorferi

Describe the stages of Lyme Disease:

1) bull's eye, headache,fatigue, 3-30 days post bite 2) joint/muscle pain, arrhythmias, weeks post bite 3) chronic arthritis, neuro sx, 2-3 years post bite

Even with doxy tx, some people still experience joint pain (lyme arthritis) possibly due to ____:

autoimmune response

_____ is a bacterial spirochete, has 2 groups, and has free living and parasitic forms:

Leptospira spp.

List the 2 groups of Leptospira spp:

L. interrogans (human leptospirosis) | L. biflexa (environmental)

____ is a zoonotic disease, colonizes renal tubules of carrier animals:

Leptospirosis

How do humans contract Leptospirosis:

via contact with urine or blood of infected animals through breaks in skin/mucous membranes/conjunctiva

The septicemic stage of Leptospirosis can progress to the immune stage, which is marked by presence of ___, and can cause ______(due to toxin):

IgM | aseptic meningitis

List the two cell wall deficient bacteria:

Mycoplasma | Ureaplasma

T/F Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are the smallest known free-living bacteria, can be normal flora of mouth, upper resp, and GI tract, and are fastidious:

True

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma are fastidious and require these 3 things added to media:

nucleic acid precursors fatty acids cholesterol

This organism lacks cell walls and causes walking/atypical pneumonia:

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

This organism lacks cell walls and can cause systemic infection in neonates, urogenital infections in adults, and has a fried egg appearance:

Mycoplasma hominis

______ has been isolated from tissues of stillborn infants, there is controversy as to if it causes chorioamnionitis:

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Why are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma resistant to beta-lactams, but ___ is effective:

* because they lack cell walls | * tetracycline

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma is grown on ___ media, incubated at __ degrees, with ___CO2 for up to ___ days:

SP4 media 35 degrees 5-10% CO2 ~30 days

T/F Increasing resistance of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma to tetracycline is being observed due to improper use of antibiotics by patients:

True

List the 3 aerobic Actinomycetes:

Nocardia Streptomyces Rhodococcus

Nocardia, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus are considered _____ due to elongated branching filamentous forms resembling hyphae of fungie:

Actinomycetes

Nocardia, Streptomyces,and Rhodococcus are _____, while Actinomyces israelii is ____:

aerobic | anaerobic

Why are Nocardia and Rhodococcus partially acid fast (using sulfuric acid instead of HCL):

Both species cells walls have high mycolic acid content

T/F | Streptomyces is acid fast.

False, they lack mycolic acid in their cell walls.

T/F | Nocardia, Streptomyces, and Rhodococcus need to be sent to reference labs for speciation:

True.

Gram+ branching filaments with no mycolic acids, non acid fast, branching is extensive with chains and spores, and causes mycetomas:

Streptomyces

What is the difference between a mycetoma and a eumycotic mycetoma:

Mycetoma: caused by an Actinomycete (fungus like bacteria) Eumycotic mycetoma: caused by a fungi

Gram+/variable, Catalase+, branching filamentous bacteria capable of fragmenting in rods and cocci microscopically:

Nocardia

___ inhabits soil and water, decomposes plant material, and has a musty odor on Middlebrook's agar:

Nocardia

______ is responsible for most human infection greater than 80% of any species of the genera:

Nocardia asteroides

This species of Nocardia is a facultative intracellular pathogen of human cells and can cause skin infections (actinomycetoma) and pulmonary infections:

Nocardia asteroides

Nocardia produces orange, glaborous colonies on _____ agar and has ____ odor:

Middlebrook's agar | musty basement odor

Why is speciation important with Nocardia and how is it treated:

* important as some species have been showing tx resistance | * treat w/ sulfonamides

Gram+ catalase+ branching, filamentous bacteria capable of fragmenting in rods and cocci, found in soil, farm animals, and fresh and salt water:

Rhodococcus

Some _____ are facultative intracellular bacteria that reside within macrophages, and infections stem from pulmonary, skin, to osteomyelitis:

Rhodococcus

____can grow on SBAP and CAP, but require 48-72 hours for growth:

Nocardia

Selective media may be indicated for Rhodococcus, such as brain heart infusion w/ chloramphenicol and cyclohexamide, growth at ___ degrees, but recovery is increased at __ degrees:

35 | 30

Rhodococcus is treated with a combination of ___ and ____:

Erythromycin + Rifampin

____ is an obligate intracellular bacteria transmitted by the Lone Star Tick:

Ehrlichia

Ehrlichia chaffeensis is transmitted by ____:

Lone Star Tick

What is the vector of Anaplasmosis and what are signs/symptoms of infection:

Ixodes tick | fever, body aches, chills, headache

Small pleiomorphic Gram- bacilli, obligate intracellular bacteria, humans are accidental hosts, animal reservoir:

Rickettsia

What are the vectors for Rickettsia:

ticks, lice, fleas

Culture for Rickettsia requires _____:

embryonated eggs

List the two Rickettsia species in the Spotted fever group:

* R. conorii (Israeli) | * R. rickettsii (Rocky Mtn)

List the two Rickettsia species in the Typhus group:

* R. prowazekii (epidemic) | * R. typhi (endemic)

Rickettsia prowazekii causes ____ typhus, while Rickettsia typhi causes ____ typhus:

epidemic | endemic

R. typhi is linked to ____, in the US it closer linked to:

* rats/mice (murine) | * Fleas/cats/opposums

North Carolina, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri account for 60% of cases of ____ in the US:

Rocky Mtn Spotted Fever (R. rickettsii)

Rocky Mtn Spotted fever can be fatal if untreated in the first ___ days, survivors can have problems with ___ later in life if the bacteria invade endothelial cells:

8 days | vasculitis

___ is the gold standard in detection of R. rickettsii antigen:

Serology

These are obligate intracellular bacteria, previously considered viruses that cannot be grown on cell free media:

Chlamydia spp

The life cycle of ___ is similar to parasites by having an intracellular form termed a reticulate body and extracellular, inert, form the elementary body:

Chlamydia spp

List the 3 important species of Chlamydia:

C. trachomatis C. psittaci (rare in humans, common in birds) C. pneumoniae

Chlamydia psittaci is rare in ___, common in ____:

humans | birds

This species of Chlamydia causes pneumonia, bronchitis, and pharyngitis in humans:

C. pneumoniae

____ is the cause of the most common STD in the US:

Chlamydia trachomatis

C. trachomatis is the cause of the most common STD in the US, and is a major cause of _____ and _____:

PID | ectopic pregancy

C. trachomatis is often ID'd via molecular techniques on this analyzer:

GenProbe Panther

____ can cause trachoma-ocular eye infection causing blindness:

C. trachomatis (Chlamydia)

What is LGV and which organism causes it:

* Lymphogranuloma venereum: strains move beyond the mucosa of genital tract and invade regional lymph nodes causing chronic infection * C. trachomatis

How many strains of LGV are there:

3 | *L1, L2, L3

Genital infections such as urethritis, cervicits, proctitis, and epididymitis are caused ___ and are treated with ____:

* C. trachomatis | * Azithromycin or doxycyline

____ is spread mouth to mouth via utensils and causes non-venereal syphilis:

T. pallidum endemicum

Can Treponema spp. be grown in culture:

unlikely, as they are quite fastidious

The tertiary stage of syphilis occurs ___ years after initial infection:

10--25 years

___ is the most common STD in the US, while ___ is the 3rd most common:

1st: Chlamydia 3rd: Syphilis

Syphilis can be treated with ____ if caught early:

penicillin

Exam 4 (Bacterial Spirochetes) Flashcards

(91 cards)