Exam 4 - Ch. 13 -19 & Flim Flashcards
(42 cards)
What shapes represent past populations? What is the current and future shape of populations?
The past was pyramid shaped. The current and future shape is barrel shaped. We have more old people than young.
What happens when the elderly internalize negative stereotypes?
Their cognitive and physical states suffer; it declines.
Why is raising the age at which one is eligible to receive social security benefits problematic?
It is a problem because of social inequality; people of higher income have more benefits than those of lower income. People with higher income have more sick hours, PTO, etc.
Candice Saunders comments on “brain drain” and how WellStar Health System addressed this problem?
“brain drain” is losing a lot of mastery in the experienced worker. WellStar addressed this by part time models, flexible models, accommodate their needs, brought young and old together, changed the environment, and etc.
Physical and sensory changes in early adulthood
Physical development peaks in early adulthood (20 and 30s) then declines
Sensory sharpness peaks in early 20s and then begins gradual decline in middle adulthood (40 to 60s)
Vision remains good until middle adulthood - leads to farsighted and reading glasses
Hearing declines beginning of late 20s for high pitches
Stress management tips
Get in touch with the ways you experience stress
Identify stressors such as people and situations
Get in touch with the way you handle or don’t handle stress
Work on creating better ways to cope with stress
Take care of your health
Obtain social support
Crystallized and Fluid intelligence
Crystallized (increases with age) - retain verbal skills and may improve vocabulary and general knowledge as they age, factual information
Fluid (declines with age) - memory shows general decline, the process of info., how to apply it
Perry’s theory of epistemic cognition (dualistic and relativistic thinking)
Epistemic cognition - concerns our ideas about how we arrive at our beliefs, facts, and ideas
Dualistic - the assumption that there is clearly right and wrong, good versus evil
Relativistic - a deeper way of thinking
Extrinsic and Intrinsic motives for work
Extrinsic - money, fringe benefits, security
Intrinsic - the work ethic, self fulfillment, self worth, socialization, public roles
Super’s stages of career development
Fantasy stage - involves child’s unrealistic conception of self potential and of the world of work (until 11)
Tentative choice stage - focus is on some realistic self assessment and knowledge of occupations, based on interests, abilities, limitations, and glamour (11-17)
Realistic choice stage - choices narrow as student weighs job requirements and rewards against interests, abilities, and values (after 17)
Maintenance stage - settle into career role, career continues to develop, and there is a feeling of moving forward, job hopping, return to school for different training (30s)
Retirement stage - severs bonds with the workplace
Individuation
Individuation - Young adults go through a process of becoming an individual
Women - consider social relationships of primary importance
Men - consider separation and individuation key goals to personality development, more likely to show struggle or fight for independence
Erikson’s intimacy vs. isolation
Young adults with firm identity seek to fuse relationships into marriage or abiding friendships
It is difficult to commit to others until ego identity is achieved
It was normal to develop intimate relationships and bear children within a generally stable and nurturing environment during early adulthood
Attraction - Elliot & Niesta (2008)
Attraction - psychological forces that draw people together
Elliot & Niesta (2008) examined attractiveness ratings when red used in background or as part of dress - both men and women rated people more attractive with red compared to other colors, may have biological roots - signals good health/fertility
Attraction similarity hypothesis
Attraction similarity hypothesis - people develop romantic relationships with others who are similar to themselves in attractiveness and other traits
Opposites do not attract - people in committed relationships most likely to be similar to their parents in attitude and cultural attributes are typically alike in race and ethnicity, age, level of education, and religion
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
- intimacy
- passion
- commitment
liking - intimacy alone
companionate love - intimacy + commitment
empty love - commitment alone
fatuous love - passion + commitment
infatuation - passion alone
romantic love - intimacy + passion
Marriage, Parenthood, and Divorce
Marriage - legitimizes sexual relations, provides institution where children can be supported/ socialized, provides sense of security and opportunities to share feelings, experiences
Parenthood - strengthen marital bonds, provide social security, assist with labor, maintain family lineage; secure property rights and inheritance, care for one in old age
Divorce - US rates between 40-50%, women’ income drops 24%, men’s income drops 6%
Benefits of divorce - may permit personal growth and renewal, can be an opportunity to take stock of oneself and establish a new, more rewarding life
Physical and sensory changes in middle adulthood
Changes in - metabolism, muscle mass, strength, bone density, aerobic capacity, blood sugar tolerance, ability to regulate body temperature
Vision - presbyopia (lose the ability to focus on objects
Reaction time - increases as we age due to change in nervous system
Lung capacity - may decline by half between early and late adulthood
Cancer and heart disease
Cancer behavior/personality - smoking, drinking alcohol, eating animal fats, sunbathing, prolonged depression, prolonged stress
Heart disease behavior/personality - type a behavior (consistently stress), job strain, hostility and holding in feelings of anger, chronic fatigue, stress, anxiety, depression, and emotional strain, heavy drinking, smoking, overeating, sudden stressors, physical inactivity, most common form is atherosclerosis (fat build’s up and blocks blood flow)
Sexuality, sex hormones and fertility
Sexuality gradual decline, men - erectile dysfunction, women - lack of sexual desire and difficulty becoming sexually aroused
Women - climacteric - a process that occurs in 15 years of middle adulthood, perimenopause - a decrease of estrogen, beginning of menopause, menopause - menstrual cycle ends
Men - a decline in male sex hormone production and fertility
Changes intellectual abilities (multidirectionality, interindiviual variability, plasticity)
Interindividual variability - no two people age in the same way or at the same rate
Multidirectionality - some cognitive ability will decrease or increase
Plasticity - our cognitive ability is not fixed, it can be modified
Memory
middle and late adulthood perform less well than young adults at memorizing lists of words, numbers, or passages, rote rehearsal
As we age, we are less able to keep information in working memory long enough to memorize it, screen out distractions as we try to focus on material
Procedural memory (how you do things) can be maintained for a lifetime
Creativity
Middle adulthood are at their height of their creativity
Erikson’s Generativity vs Stagnation
Generativity - ability to generate or produce; based on instinctual drive toward bearing and rearing children
Stagnation - rejection of generativity drive can result in a life stripped of meaning and purpose
Life- events approach to midlife
Stressful life events - death of a spouse, child, parent, or sibling, changes in health, caring for one’s parents, concern about one’s appearance, weight or aging, children moving out, changes in employment, relationships, and responsibilities at work
