Exam 4 - Chapter 16

Question 1

microbiome def.

Answer 1

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism or environment

Question 2

transient microbiota

Answer 2

commensal, present for days/weeks/months

Question 3

normal microbiota

Answer 3

permanently colonize the host, does not cause disease under normal conditions

Question 4

Normal microbiota are usually ________

Answer 4

mutualists

Question 5

What factors affect the distribution and composition of normal microbiota? (4)

Answer 5

Nutrients
Physical and chemical factors
Host defenses
Mechanical factors

Question 6

microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) def.

Answer 6

a competition between microbes

Question 7

Normal microbiota protect the host by:
a) competing for nutrients
b) producing substances harmful to invading microbes
c) affecting pH and available oxygen
d) all of the above

Answer 7

d) all of the above

Question 8

other benefit of microbes:

Answer 8

produce vitamins
digest materials that humans cannot

Question 9

broad-spectrum antibiotic def.

Answer 9

one that kills many different types of bacteria

Question 10

pathology def.

Answer 10

the study of disease

Question 11

etiology

Answer 11

the cause of a disease

Question 12

pathogenesis

Answer 12

the development of disease

Question 13

infection def.

Answer 13

invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 14

disease def.

Answer 14

an abnormal state in which the body is not performing normal functions

Question 15

symptoms def.

Answer 15

changes in body function that are felt by a patient as a result of disease
»subjective
»patient must describe symptoms

Question 16

signs def.

Answer 16

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

Question 17

syndrome def.

Answer 17

a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

group of symptoms

Question 18

communicable disease def.

Answer 18

a disease that is spread from one host to another

Question 19

contagious disease def.

Answer 19

diseases that are easily and rapidly spread from one host to another

Question 20

noncommunicable disease def.

Answer 20

a disease that is not spread from one host to another

Question 21

herd immunity def.

Answer 21

immunity in most of a population

Question 22

incidence def.

Answer 22

number of people who develop a disease during a particular time period

Question 23

prevalence def.

Answer 23

number of people who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared (both old and new cases)

Question 24

sporadic disease def.

Answer 24

disease that occurs only occasionally

Question 25

endemic disease def.

Answer 25

disease constantly present in a population

Question 26

epidemic disease def.

Answer 26

disease acquired by many people in a given area in a short time

Question 27

pandemic disease def.

Answer 27

worldwide epidemic

Question 28

outbreak def.

Answer 28

occurence of disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season

Question 29

acute disease def.

Answer 29

symptoms develop rapidy but the disease lasts only a short time

Question 30

chronic disease def.

Answer 30

symptoms develop slowly or have been ongoing

Question 31

subacute disease def.

Answer 31

intermediate between acute and chronic

Question 32

latent disease def.

Answer 32

causative agent is inactive for a time but then activates and produces symptoms

Question 33

subclinical disease def.

Answer 33

no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Question 34

local infection def.

Answer 34

pathogens are limited to a small area of the body

Question 35

systemic infection def.

Answer 35

an infection throughout the body

Question 36

focal infection def.

Answer 36

infection that began as a local infection and spread to other confined areas of the body

Question 37

sepsis def.

Answer 37

toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection | blood poisioning from systemic infection ## Footnote rapid loss of blood pressure

Question 38

primary infection def.

Answer 38

acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 39

secondary infection def.

Answer 39

opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Question 40

incubation period def.

Answer 40

interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms

Question 41

prodromal period def.

Answer 41

short period after incubation; early, mild symptoms

Question 42

period of illness def.

Answer 42

disease is most severe

Question 43

period of decline def.

Answer 43

signs and symptoms subside

Question 44

period of convalescence def.

Answer 44

body returns to its prediseased state

Question 45

human reservoirs def.

Answer 45

carriers may have inapparent infections or latent diseases | humans infected by pathogens that exist on or within the human body

Question 46

animal reservoirs def.

Answer 46

zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans | domesticated and wild animals infected by pathogens

Question 47

nonliving reservoirs examples(2)

Answer 47

soil and water

Question 48

reservoirs def. (epid)

Answer 48

reservoir is where an infectious agent or a parasite can live, grow, and reproduce continual sources of infection

Question 49

transmissions of disease (3)

Answer 49

contact transmission vehicle transmission vector transmission

Question 50

contact transmissions (3)

Answer 50

direct contact indirect contact droplet transmission

Question 51

direct contact transmission def.

Answer 51

requires close association with between the infected person and a susceptible host

Question 52

indirect contact transmission def.

Answer 52

spreads to a host by a nonliving object called a fomite

Question 53

droplet transmision def.

Answer 53

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

Question 54

vehicle transmission def.

Answer 54

transmission by an inanimate reservoir

Question 55

inanimate reservoir (3) ## Footnote Vehicle Transmission

Answer 55

waterborne foodborne airborne

Question 56

vector transmission

Answer 56

infection transmission via second population (vector)

Question 57

vector sources

Answer 57

fleas, ticks, mosquitoes

Question 58

vector transmission two methods

Answer 58

mechanical transmission biological transmission

Question 59

mechanical transmission def.

Answer 59

arthropod carries pathogen on its feet

Question 60

biological transmission

Answer 60

pathogen reproduces in the vector; transmitted via bites or feces

Question 61

health-care associated infections (HAI)

Answer 61

infections acquired while receiving treatment in a health care facility (nosocomial infections)

Question 62

compromised host def.

Answer 62

an individual whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns

Question 63

epidemiology def.

Answer 63

study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

Question 64

epidemiologists are:

Answer 64

are health professionals who identify the causes of a disease, those at risk of contracting it, and how to stop or control its spread.

Question 65

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Answer 65

collects and analyzes epidemiological information to the U.S

Question 66

morbidity def.

Answer 66

rate of disease

Question 67

mortality def.

Answer 67

deaths from notifiable disease