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BIOL 1406 > Exam 4 - Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

gene expression

A

process by which DNA directs proteins synthesis as described by the central dogma

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2
Q

transcription

A

DNA in genes encode for mRNA

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3
Q

translation

A

mRNA is converted into amino acids that make up a protein

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4
Q

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

A
  • one gene codes for one polypeptide.

- many proteins are composed of multiple polypeptides, each coded for by their own gene

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5
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA- intermediate between DNA and protein, codes for amino acid sequence

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6
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA-makes up ribosomes along with proteins

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7
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA-folded RNA that carries amino acids and transfers them to the ribosome during translation

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8
Q

codon

A

mRNA nucleotide triplet which codes for a specific amino acid

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9
Q

start codon

A

codes for an amino acid and begins translation-AUG

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10
Q

stop codon

A

don’t code for an amino acid and ends translation- UAA, UAG, UGA

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11
Q

reading frame

A

once the start codon is reached, mRNA is read in groups of 3 nucleotides until a stop codon is reached

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12
Q

redundant

A

more than one codon codes for a specific amino acid

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13
Q

unambiguous

A

each codon only codes for one amino acid

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14
Q

nearly universal

A

shared by nearly all organisms

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15
Q

eukaryotic transcription

A

occurs in the nucleus

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16
Q

prokaryotic transcription

A

occurs in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Transcription DNA->RNA

A

synthesis of mRNA

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18
Q

Template strand direction read

A

3’-5’

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19
Q

mRNA synthesized direction

A

5’-3’

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20
Q

Template strand

A

only one DNA strand is transcribed

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21
Q

other template strand

A

non-template or coding strand

22
Q

RNA polymerase

A

primary enzyme which functions during transcription

23
Q

initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and pries the DNA strands apart forming a transcription bubble

24
Q

Initiation in prokaryotes

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and pries the DNA strands apart forming a transcription bubble

25
Q

initiation in eukaryotes

A

transcription factors bind to promoter, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to TATA box, forming transcription initiation complex, DNA strands are separated forming transcription bubble

26
Q

Enlogation

A

RNA polymerase unwinds and reads template strand, builds up mRNA transcript in the 5’ to 3’ direction

27
Q

Termination in prokaryotes

A

RNA polymerase stops transcription at termination sequence

28
Q

Termination in Eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase transcribes polyadenylation sequence which signals transcription complex to stop

29
Q

Termination in both

A

mRNA and proteins disassociate and DNA helix reanneals

30
Q

Translation

A

RNA->protein

31
Q

Translation-mRNA

A

codons are read by the ribosomes in the 5’-3’ direction and polypeptide is synthesized

32
Q

Ribosomes

A

composed of a large and small subunit made of protein and rRNA

33
Q

E site

A

the exit site, where dischared tRNAs leave the ribosome

34
Q

P site

A

holds the most current tRNA attached to the growing polypeptide

35
Q

A site

A

holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain

36
Q

tRNA

A

delivers specific amino acid to the ribosome

37
Q

wobble

A
  • flexible pairing at the third base of an mRNA codon

- allows some tRNA to bind to more than one mRNA codon

38
Q

Translation-initiation

A

– small ribosomal subunit binds with mRNA and initiator tRNA in P site

  • ribosomal subunit moves along mRNA until it reaches the start codon (AUG) where tRNA binds to mRNA
  • initiation factors bring in large subunit building translation initiation complex
39
Q

Translation-Elongation

A
  • amino acids are added to preceding amino acid

- requires elongation factors (4 steps: codon recognition, peptide bond forms, translocation)

40
Q

translation-termination

A

-occurs when stop codon on mRNA reaches A site causing A site to accept release factor adding water molecule

41
Q

post-translation modifications

A
  • during and after protein synthesis, a polypeptide may be chemically modified or appended
  • the final polypeptide will fold into its 3d functional form resulting in a protein
42
Q

mutations

A

a random and permanent change in the genetic material of a cell or virus

43
Q

point mutation

A

changes in just one nucleotide base pair

44
Q

substitution mutation

A

point mutation where one base pair is replaced by another

45
Q

insertions mutation

A

one ore more base pairs are inserted into a gene

46
Q

deletions mutation

A

one or more base pairs are deleted from a gene

47
Q

Base pair substitution - silent

A

doesn’t change amino acid, same protein results

48
Q

base pair substitution - missense

A

changes amino acid, different protein results

49
Q

base pair substitution - nonsense

A

premature stop codon, abbreviated protein results

50
Q

frameshift mutation

A

alter of the codon reading frame, produces a non-functional protein

51
Q

causes of mutation

A
  • spontaneous mutations during dna replication, recombination or repair
  • exposure to mutagens, carcinogens

BIOL 1406 (14 decks)

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